Tomás F. Summers Sandoval - Latinos at the Golden Gate

2013 The University of North Carolina Press
All rights reserved
Set in Utopia and Aller types by codeMantra
Manufactured in the United States of America

The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. The University of North Carolina Press has been a member of the Green Press Initiative since 2003.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Summers Sandoval, Toms F., Jr.
Latinos at the Golden Gate : creating community and identity in San Francisco / Toms F. Summers Sandoval Jr.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4696-0766-5 (cloth : alk. paper)
ISBN 978-1-4696-2726-7 (pbk. : alk. paper)
ISBN 978-1-4696-0767-2 (ebook)
1. Hispanic AmericansCaliforniaSan Francisco. 2. Hispanic AmericansCaliforniaSan FranciscoHistory. I. Title.
F869.S39S757 2013
305.868073079461dc23 2013002818

Depiction of the July 1849 attack on Chileans orchestrated by the Hounds,

Map of Our Lady of Guadalupe Church and surrounding area, 1906,

A girls class preparing to enter Nuestra Seora de Guadalupe Church to celebrate the Feast of the Assumption, 1924,

Map of San Francisco, 1900,

Julia Bayze at La Mexicana grocery store with owner Peter Arizu, 1947,

Ben Martinez, president of the MCO , addresses an MCO rally in front of City Hall, May 1969,

Representatives of the MCO give Ethel Kennedy a tour of the Mission District, circa 1970,

A diverse group of Mission youth gather to support local parks,

Serve the People: Free los Siete, 1970, poster for the Comit Para Defender Los Siete de la Raza,

Researching and writing this book have left me with a profound sense of gratitude for the many people who have supported me through this long process. My earliest research on San Francisco began under the guidance of Waldo Martin and Ron Takaki. I am forever grateful to Waldo for his warmth, accessibility, and stellar editorial skills. He was more than a great advisor. His demeanor helped me feel at home in a place that more often felt foreign. His commitment to the success of students of color provided me with the support I needed to successfully complete my graduate education. Ron was a treasured mentor whose seminars provided me with a dynamic intellectual community as well as the benefit of his keen academic advice. At nearly every stage in the writing and editing process his voice rang out in my head, What about the voices? He challenged me in so many ways and nurtured in me the desire to do work that matters beyond the confines of the academic world. Carlos Muoz Jr., Diane Shaver Clemens, and Richard Allen also extended themselves for me in ways that helped shape me as a teacher and as a historian.

My time at Berkeley connected me to a group of people who shared with me their intelligence, creativity, and friendship. Ron Lopez met me on my first day of orientation and was always generous with his oddball and loving brilliance. He and Jason Ferreira became more than friends; they are family. I owe them each a lot for their role in shaping my intellectual growth. Charlie Bertsch, Birgit Brander Rassmussen, Jess Bravin, Nzingha Dugas, Monica Rodriguez, Hatem Bazian, and Pamela Jennings each did their part to make my time at Cal one of the most memorable and meaningful times of my life.

Mark Simpson-Vos at the University of North Carolina Press has shown a consistent interest in and unwavering support of my work. I feel lucky to have found such a welcoming and professional home for my first book. The review process made the book better in a number of clear ways. I am especially appreciative of Matt Garcias editorial advice and guidance during these final steps. I am grateful to other friends and colleagues who have also read drafts and provided advice along the way. Ron Lopez, Jason Ferreira, Horacio Roque Ramrez, Chris Carlsson, Stephen Rubio, Pardis Mahdavi, Erin Runions, Anne Dwyer, David Reichard, David Hernandez, Erualdo Gonzlez, and Denise Sandoval gave important feedback. Mike Miller was generous with his time, skills, and memory on more than one occasion, including offering a detailed reading of the entire manuscript. I have also been lucky to have had the help of various students along the way. Victor Torres has taught me as much as I could ever have taught him. Callida Cenizal, Becka DeSmidt, Kari Mah, Jacob Cohen, Mindy Hagan, Mayra Gradilla, and Stephanie Roman each helped make this an easier process with their intelligence and effort.

I have benefited from the expertise of numerous librarians. The staff of the San Francisco Public Library, in particular those who work at the San Francisco History Room, are the finest public librarians I have ever seen in my life. They handle each and every inquiry from each and every visitor with the same level of respect and attention, whether a lost person off the street or a famous academic. I am grateful for their help, their resourcefulness, and their consistent and ever-present smiles. My thanks go out to the staffs of the Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley, and North Baker Research Library of the California Historical Society in San Francisco. Jeffrey M. Burns, of the Archives of the Archdiocese of San Francisco in Menlo Park, was a tireless resource, always willing to share his deep expertise. I am forever grateful for his help. My thanks go out to Spence Limbocker and Lincoln Cushing, who both helped secure images.

An assortment of people made time in their busy schedules to share their life stories with me as part of the research process. Ultimately, the kinds of decisions that are necessary in writing a book made it impossible to include all of them. Nevertheless, the following individuals impacted this book in clear and important ways: Mike Miller, Dorinda Moreno, Esperanza Echavarri, Jim Queen, Elba Sanchez, Sam Rios, Debra Varner, Steve Arcelona, Manuel Vasquez, Eduardo Sandoval, Juan Pedro Gaffney, Eduardo Morales, Judith Sandoval, and Helen Lara Cea.

Pomona College is a model of support for its facultys intellectual development. I have benefited from its generous faculty grants as well as the fellowship of my colleagues in the History Department and the Chicana/o-Latina/o Studies Department. Ray Buriel, Jose Caldern, Miguel Tinker Salas, Rita Cano Alcala, Maria Soldatenko, and Gilda Ochoa not only have kept the latter alive and pertinent despite all the odds but also have built a supportive academic community of fellow teachers, scholars, and activists. Sid Lemelle, Helena Wall, Sam Yamashita, Ken Wolf, Victor Silverman, Bob Woods, Gary Kates, April Mayes, Angelina Chin, and Arash Khazeni are dedicated intellectuals who have provided a strong home for my growth. I am also thankful for Gina Brown-Pettay, the backbone of our department, who has been helpful beyond measure. Maria Tucker, Sergio Marin, and Rita Shaw remind me daily of why it is we do the work we do. I am grateful to them and the many students who are part of our Draper Center. My colleagues at CSU Monterey Bayin particular Rina Benmayor, Ernie Stromberg, David Reichard, Renee Curry, Diana Garcia, Frances Payne Adler, Deb Busman, Annette March, Gerald Shenk, Donaldo Urioste, Qun Wang, Ilene Feinman, Josina Makau, Debian Marty, and Amalia Mesa-Bainesshowed me warmth and community. They continue to impact my teaching and scholarship in important ways.