Robert L. Dressler - Phylogeny and Classification of the Orchid Family
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Recipient of the 1994 Henry Allan Gleason Award of the New York Botanical Garden, this important book delimits several major natural groups within the orchids, suggesting areas that need further research by botanists.Published at $49.95 Our last copies available at $24.98
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Copyright 1993 by Dioscorides Press (an imprint of Timber Press, Inc.) All rights reserved.
ISBN 0-931146-24-0 Printed in Hong Kong
DIOSCORIDES PRESS 9999 S.W. Wilshire, Suite 124 Portland, Oregon 97225
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Dressler, Robert L., 1927 Phylogeny and classification of the orchid family / Robert L. Dressler. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-931146-24-0 1. OrchidsClassification. 2. OrchidsPhylogeny. I. Title. QK495.O64D7 1993 584'.15'012dc20 92-24390 CIP
Page 5
Contents
1. Introduction
7
2. Structure and Other Evidence of Relationship
13
3. Orchid Phylogeny
59
4. Orchids with Two or Three Fertile Anthers
83
5. Primitive Orchids with a Single Fertile Anther
91
6. Lady's Tresses and Relatives, the Subfamily Spiranthoideae
111
7. Orchis and Its Allies, the Subfamily Orchidoideae
125
8. The Advanced Epidendroideae, General Discussion and Phylogeny
151
9. The Cormous or Cymbidioid Phylad
159
10. The Reed-Stem or Epidendroid Phylad
183
11. Misfits, Parallelisms, and Miscellaneous Problems
211
12. Classification and Phylogenetic Analysis
229
Glossary
249
Appendix A. Keys to Major Orchid Groups
259
Appendix B. Outline of Classification with Lists of Genera
267
Literature Cited
279
Index
301
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1 Introduction
When I agreed to publish The Orchids: Natural History and Classification (1981), I found myself with a dilemma and only limited time for a resolution. The material on natural history was straightforward and relatively easy to handle, but I had to say something about orchid classification. The traditional classification was artificial, but how best to improve the system was not clear. I associated the Neottieae with the Orchideae, convinced myself that the vandoid orchids were a natural group, and treated number of pollinia as an important feature to distinguish the vandoid groups. Now it is clear that none of these was a wise decision.
At the time, I noted that many professional botanists tend to avoid the Orchidaceae. One professional botanist who scoffed at the idea was later heard to say "I never look at an orchid, I just give them to Garay." Those who study the Asteraceae (or Compositae) still greatly outnumber us, but the last decade has seen several good doctoral theses on orchids, and one hopes that the trend will continue. Some new data appeared while the 1981 book was in press, and very useful information has been published since then. One can now attempt a more complete revision of orchid classification, using information that was unavailable in 1979. There are still many questions in need of answers, and we cannot produce a long-lasting, definitive classification of the Orchidaceae with the available information. Still, it is useful to revise our old ideas (especially when they are clearly wrong) and offer new ones. The revised classification can be tested against new information as it appears, and can serve as a guide in the search for new information. Any classification is only as good as (or, at best, no better than) the information available to its author. We need more information on many aspects of the orchids, and I hope that the ideas and hypotheses offered here may stimulate such work.
F. N. Rasmussen (1982) suggests that we need some sort of practical com-
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promise, a family classification (preferably not too unnatural) to use as a base and a filing system. We can then make hypotheses about relationships without changing our baseline every few months. I quite agree with Dr. Rasmussen, but I would like to start with a fairly good classification. The traditional Schlechterian classification, even with the names modernized (see Table 3-6), is still an arrangement of polyphyletic and paraphyletic grades, or a "horizontal" classification. My 1981 classification was intended as a phylogenetic system, but it fell far short of the goal. The classification presented here differs from that used in 1981 especially in breaking up the polyphyletic Vandoideae and removing the Neottieae from the Orchidoideae. By stressing uniquely derived features, one may make out at least the beginnings of a phylogenetic classification of the advanced Epidendroideae.
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