David F. Armstrong - Original Signs: Gesture, Sign, and the Sources of Language
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Original Signs: Gesture, Sign, and the Sources of Language
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Original Signs : Gesture, Sign, and the Sources of Language
author
:
Armstrong, David F.
publisher
:
Gallaudet University Press
isbn10 | asin
:
print isbn13
:
9781563680755
ebook isbn13
:
9780585123950
language
:
English
subject
Language and languages--Origin, Sign language, Gesture.
publication date
:
1999
lcc
:
P116.A754 1999eb
ddc
:
401
subject
:
Language and languages--Origin, Sign language, Gesture.
Page iii
Original Signs
Gesture, Sign, and the Sources of Language
David F Armstrong
Gallaudet University Press Washington, D.C.
Page iv
Gallaudet University Press Washington, DC 20002
1999 by Gallaudet University All rights reserved. Published 1999 Printed in the United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Armstrong, David F.
Original signs : gesture, sign, and the sources of language / David F. Armstrong. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-56368-075-0 (alk. paper) 1. Language and languages-Origin. 2. Sign language. 3. Gesture. I. Title. P116.A754 1999 401dc2198-49671
CIP
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information SciencesPermanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984.
Page v
And when the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was pleasant to the eyes, and a tree to be desired to make one wise, she took of the fruit thereof, and did eat, and gave also unto her husband with her; and he did eat. Genesis 3.6
Page vii
Contents
Acknowledgments
ix
Introduction: The Forest of Symbols
1
1 Where Did Language Come From?
15
2 The Rage to Order
45
3 Speech and Sign
65
4 Words and Sentences
89
5 Simultaneity and Sequentiality
111
6 The Morning Star and the Evening Star
133
7 Forked Tongues
151
Bibliography
173
Index
183
Page ix
Acknowledgments
THE AUTHOR WISHES to express his gratitude to the following individuals who read and commented on various drafts of this book: Sherman Wilcox, Stuart Shanker, Barbara King, and two anonymous reviewers for Gallaudet University Press. Robert C. Johnson and Michael Shirley of Gallaudet University generously provided drawings and graphics. Ivey Pittle Wallace and Vic Van Cleve of Gallaudet University Press gave very helpful guidance throughout the preparation of the manuscript. My deepest appreciation is reserved for William C. Stokoe. Without his genius and generosity this book could not have been written.
Page 1
Introduction: The Forest of Symbols
IT IS COMMON for human beings to think of their bodies, their languages, and their minds either as special creations of a supernatural agency or as the ultimate end products of a purpose-driven or teleological evolutionary process. This book will not deal with the first of these beliefs, in that it has a purpose different from but not necessarily at odds with religious explanation. It will, instead, attempt to provide an alternative to the second belief, with respect to the origin of language. In pursuit of this goal, it will take an explicitly Darwinian perspective on the origin and evolution of the human capacity for language and abstract thought. In this context, the term Darwinian should be taken to imply that evolution of all the earth's organisms is fundamentally undirected, involving the creation of new traits through random mutations of the genetic material (see fig. 1). This does not mean that anything is possiblelimitations are certainly imposed on the directions of later evolutionary paths by earlier occurrences. In this sense, evolutionary change may be said to be "channeled." One example of this that will be discussed in greater detail in chapter 1 is that of human bipedalism, an unusual form of locomotion that may have been made possible by an earlier locomotor adaptation of apes. However, the Darwinian perspective implies that at no point was the evolution of bipedalism predictable or inevitable.
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Washington, D.C.
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information SciencesPermanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984.