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Amy Knight - How the Cold War Began: The Igor Gouzenko Affair and the Hunt for Soviet Spies

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Amy Knight How the Cold War Began: The Igor Gouzenko Affair and the Hunt for Soviet Spies
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On September 5, 1945, cipher clerk Igor Gouzenko severed ties with the Soviet Embassy in Ottawa, reporting to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police allegations of extensive Soviet espionage in North America, providing stolen documents detailing Soviet intelligence matters to back his claims. This action sent shockwaves through Washington, London, Moscow, and Ottawa, changing the course of the twentieth century. Using recently declassified FBI and Canadian RCMP files on the Gouzenko case, author and Cold War scholar Amy Knight sheds new light on the FBIs efforts to incriminate Alger Hiss and Harry Dexter White in order to discredit the Truman Administration. FBI chief J. Edgar Hoover seized upon Gouzenkos defection as a means through which to demonize the Soviets, distorting statements made by Gouzenko to stir up spy fever in the U.S., setting the McCarthy era into motion. Through the FBI files and interviews with several key players, Knight delves into Gouzenkos reasons for defecting and brilliantly connects these events to the strained relations between the Soviet Union and the West, marking the beginning of the Cold War.

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HOW THE COLD WAR BEGAN ALSO BY AMY KNIGHT The KGB Police and Politics in - photo 1
HOW THE COLD WAR BEGAN
ALSO BY AMY KNIGHT

TheKGB: Police and Politics in the Soviet Union (1988)

Beria: Stalin's First Lieutenant (1993)

Spies Without Cloaks: TheKGB's Successors (1996)

Who Killed Kirov?: The Kremlin's Greatest Mystery (1999)

HOW
THE COLD WAR
BEGAN
THE IGOR GOUZENKO AFFAIR AND THE HUNT FOR SOVIET SPIES

With an Author's Note for U.S. Readers


AMY KNIGHT

CARROLL & GRAF PUBLISHERS
NEW YORK

HOW THE COLDWAR BEGAN
The Igor Gouzenko Affair and the Hunt for Soviet Spies

Carroll & Graf Publishers
An Imprint of Avalon Publishing Group, Inc.
245 West 17th Street, 11th Floor
New York, NY 10011

Copyright 2005 by Amy Knight Published by arrangement with McClelland - photo 2

Copyright 2005 by Amy Knight

Published by arrangement with McClelland & Stewart Ltd., Toronto, Ontario, Canada First Carroll & Graf edition 2006

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in whole or in part without written permission from the publisher, except by reviewers who may quote brief excerpts in connection with a review in a newspaper, magazine, or electronic publication; nor may any part of this book be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or other, without written permission from the publisher.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available.

ISBN-10: 0-78671-816-1
ISBN-13: 978-0-78671-816-0
eBook ISBN: 9780786733088

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Printed in the United States of America
Distributed by Publishers Group West

To Molly Knight Raskin

CHRONOLOGY OF MAIN EVENTS IN THE GOUZENKO AFFAIR
June 1943Igor Gouzenko arrives in Ottawa with GRU team.
October 1943Anna Gouzenko joins her husband.
September 1944Gouzenko hears he is being called back to Moscow. His boss Zabotin manages a post-ponement.
August 6, 1945United States detonates atomic bomb on Hiroshima.
September 5, 1945Gouzenko leaves the Soviet Embassy for the last time, with the intention of defecting.
September 6, 1945Canadian prime minister William Lyon Mackenzie King learns of the defection.
September 7, 1945Gouzenko arrives at RCMP headquarters for debriefing.
September 29, 1945Mackenzie King travels to Washington to meet President Harry Truman.
November 8, 1945Elizabeth Bentley signs her first statement, revealing an espionage network in Washington and New York.
February 3, 1946Drew Pearson breaks the Canadian spy story.
February 13, 1946Royal Commission on Espionage begins taking testimony from Gouzenko.
February 15, 1946Canadian spy suspects arrested and interrogation by the RCMP begins.
March 2, 1946The first of the spy suspects is formally charged.
March 4,1946First Interim Report of Royal Commission appears.
March 5,1946Alan Nnnn May arrested in London; Winston Churchill gives his "Iron Curtain" speech in Fulton, Missouri.
June 1946Fred Rose trial and conviction.
July 1946Final Report of Royal Commission on Espionage appears; last of Soviet diplomats suspected of spying leave Canada.
March 1946-1947Trials of Canadian spy suspects.
January 1947-July 1948U.S. Federal Grand Jury hears testimony from Bentley and Whittaker Chambers.
August 1948Harry Dexter White testifies before HUAC; dies.
November 1948Chambers produces documents to back up his charges against Hiss.
December 1948Alger Hiss indicted for perjury before a Grand Jury
January 1949FBI arrests Sam Carr.
May 1949Senator Pat McCarran's Subcommittee on Immigration interviews Gouzenko in Ottawa.
May-July 1949First Hiss perjury trial, ending in a hung jury.
January 1950Hiss found guilty and sentenced to five years in prison; Klaus Fuchs confesses to espionage.
September 1950FBI requests report on Herbert Norman from RCMP.
May 1951Donald Maclean and Guy Burgess defect to Soviet Union.
August 1951Herbert Norman mentioned in Senate Internal Security Subcommittee (SISS) hearings.
March 1953Stalin dies.
January 1954SISS takes testimony from Gouzenko in Ottawa.
March 1957Norman's name again brought up at SISS hearings.
April 4, 1957Norman commits suicide.
January 1963Kim Philby defects to Moscow.
June 1982Gouzenko dies.

NOTE: I have used the Library of Congress system of transliteration from the Russian Cyrillic. Exceptions are well-known names, such as Gouzenko, which appear in the more familiar Anglicized forms.

AUTHOR'S NOTE

W hen I first started my research on the Gouzenko affair, I did not expect that it would involve rethinking the sensational Alger Hiss case, which polarized American public opinion during the McCarthy era and aroused heated debate among historians in the United States in the past five decades. Ever since new documentation emerged in the 1990s, said to prove conclusively that Hiss was a spy, many historians have considered the Hiss case closed.

But a close scrutiny of this new evidenceprompted by my suspicion that the FBI distorted statements made by Gouzenko to help make their case against Hissled me to join the small minority of Cold War scholars who remained unconvinced that Hiss was a Soviet agent. The first supposedly definitive proof against Hiss was the now famous March 30, 1945 telegram from the Soviet intelligence chief in Washington, Anatolii Gorsky, to Moscow headquarters. Gorsky's message, deciphered by the U.S. National Security Agency (as part of a secret program called Venona) and made public in 1995, contained references to a spy code-named Ales, who was said to be Alger Hiss. As I explain in this book, there were actually far too many uncertainties of meaning in that fragmented message to come to any conclusions about the identity of Ales.

Since my book was published in Canada last year, the NSA has released the original Russian version of the decryption. Far from resolving the ambiguities, as many had hoped, the original makes it even more doubtful that Ales was Alger Hiss. To mention one example: the Russian text makes it clear that the group of spies run by Ales consisted of his family members. They had for many years provided such valuable military secrets to the Soviets that they were awarded decorations. It is highly improbable that Hiss's family could have had any military information worth sharing with the Soviets. Hiss's wife, Priscilla, was a stay-at-home mother, and his brother Donald a lawyer for the State Department.

The other much-cited evidence against Hiss appeared in a book called The Haunted Wood

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