Wister - Ulysses S. Grant
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Finalist for the Gilder-Lehrman Military History Book Prize
In his time, Ulysses S. Grant was routinely grouped with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln in the Trinity of Great American Leaders. But the battlefield commander-turned-commander-in-chief fell out of favor in the twentieth century. InAmerican Ulysses,Ronald C. White argues that we need to once more revise our estimates of him in the twenty-first.
Based on seven years of research with primary documents--some of them never examined by previous Grant scholars--this is destined to becometheGrant biography of our time. White, a biographer exceptionally skilled at writing momentous history from the inside out, shows Grant to be a generous, curious, introspective man and leader--a willing delegator with a natural gift for managing the rampaging egos of his fellow officers. His wife, Julia Dent Grant, long marginalized in the historic record, emerges in her own right as a spirited and influential partner.
Grant was not only a brilliant general but also a passionate defender of equal rights in post-Civil War America. After winning election to the White House in 1868, he used the power of the federal government to battle the Ku Klux Klan. He was the first president to state that the governments policy toward American Indians was immoral, and the first ex-president to embark on a world tour, and he cemented his reputation for courage by racing against death to complete hisPersonal Memoirs. Published by Mark Twain, it is widely considered to be the greatest autobiography by an American leader, but its place in Grants life story has never been fully explored--until now.
One of those rare books that successfully recast our impression of an iconic historical figure,American Ulyssesgives us a finely honed, three-dimensional portrait of Grant the man--husband, father, leader, writer--that should set the standard by which all future biographies of him will be measured.
Praise forAmerican Ulysses
[Ronald C. White] portrays a deeply introspective man of ideals, a man of measured thought and careful action who found himself in the crosshairs of American history at its most crucial moment.--USA Today
White delineates Grants virtues better than any author before. . . . By the end, readers will see how fortunate the nation was that Grant went into the world--to save the Union, to lead it and, on his deathbed, to write one of the finest memoirs in all of American letters.--TheNew York Times Book Review
Ronald White has restored Ulysses S. Grant to his proper place in history with a biography whose breadth and tone suit the man perfectly. Like Grant himself, this book will have staying power.--TheWall Street Journal
Magisterial . . . Grants esteem in the eyes of historians has increased significantly in the last generation. . . . [American Ulysses] is the newest heavyweight champion in this movement.--The Boston Globe
Superb . . . illuminating, inspiring and deeply moving . . . The Grant we meet inAmerican Ulyssesis richly deserving of a fuller understanding and of celebration for the man he was and the legacy he left us.--Chicago Tribune
In this sympathetic, rigorously sourced biography, White . . . conveys the essence of Grant the man and Grant the warrior.--Newsday
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This short book is derived from long ones; from pamphlets, speeches, essays, and newspapers; from certain pages of the official records; and from a few personal memories kindly given by friends of General Grant to the writer. These latter change nothing in the features, but serve to touch up the likeness, of the established portrait. Grant is a large figure to pack in a small box: the task has been one of omission. Those authors to whom the writer is most grateful are Richardson, Fiske, Coppee, Porter, Humphreys, Sherman, Sheridan, Newhall, Rhodes, and Badeau ( Grant in Peace ). The writer will think that he has made his own contribution to the subject if he shall have tempted any reader to become more thoroughly acquainted with it.
O. W.
Philadelphia, August 1, 1900.
1822
April 27 . Hiram Ulysses [Ulysses Simpson] Grant was born at Point Pleasant, Clermont County, Ohio.
1823
His family removed to Georgetown, Brown County.
1839
Entered West Point.
1843
Graduated twenty-first in a class of thirty-nine, and reported for duty as brevet second lieutenant, Fourth Infantry, at Jefferson Barracks, near St. Louis.
1845
October 1 . Full second lieutenant, Seventh Infantry, at Corpus Christi, Texas.
1846
May 8 . His first battle, Palo Alto. His second the following day at Resaca de la Palma.
September 21 -23. Gallant conduct at Monterey.
1847
March 29 . Was at Vera Cruz under General Scott.
April 18 . Was in battle of Cerro Gordo, and August 20 in those of San Antonio and Churubusco. Regimental quartermaster.
September 8 . Brevetted first lieutenant for gallant and meritorious conduct at Molino-del-Rey.
September 12 -13. Was in battle of Chapultepec.
September 13 . Brevetted captain for gallant conduct at Chapultepec.
September 16 . Full first lieutenant.
1848
August 22 . Married Julia B. Dent, of St. Louis.
Was stationed at Detroit and Sackett's Harbor.
1852
June . Ordered to Pacific Coast.
September . Stationed at Columbia Barracks (Fort Vancouver).
1853
August 5 . Full captain.
October . Stationed at Fort Humboldt.
1854-1861
July 31, 1854 . Resigned from the army, and was in civil life first at St. Louis and finally at Galena, Illinois.
1861
April 18 . Was made chairman of a meeting at Galena to raise volunteers. Vainly sought a commission in the army until
June 16 . Was appointed colonel of the Twenty-first Illinois Volunteers.
August 7 . Brigadier-general of volunteers, dating from May 17.
September 4 . Occupied Cairo.
September 6 . Occupied Paducah.
November 7 . Was defeated at Belmont.
1862
February 16 . Captured Fort Donelson. Promoted to the grade of major-general of volunteers.
April 6 -7. Fought the battle of Shiloh.
October 3 -5. Commanded engagements at Corinth.
December 20 . His first failure against Vicksburg precipitated by the capture of his base at Holly Springs.
1863
January 30 . Assumed command opposite Vicksburg.
February-April . Attempted various routes to invest Vicksburg.
April 30 . Crossed to the Vicksburg side of the river.
May 1 . Battle of Port Gibson.
May 7 . Cut loose from his base of supplies at Grand Gulf.
May 12 . Battle of Raymond.
May 14 . Battle of Jackson.
May 16 . Battle of Champion's Hill.
May 19 . Vicksburg invested.
July 4 . Vicksburg surrendered to him. Major-general United States Army.
November 24 -25. Won the battle of Chattanooga.
1864
March 2 . Rank of lieutenant-general revived for him.
May 5 -6. Fought Lee in the battle of the Wilderness and
May 8 -21. Battle of Spottsylvania.
May 23 -26. Battle of North Anna.
May 31-June 12. Battle of Cold Harbor-
July-November . Operations round Petersburg.
1865
April 1 . Battle of Five Forks.
April 3 . Pursued Lee after the fall of Richmond.
April 6 . Battle of Sailor's Creek.
April 9 . Received Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court-house.
1866
July 25 . Rank of general given to him.
1867-8
August 12-January 14 . Was Secretary of War ad interim.
1868
May 19 . Was unanimously nominated for President at the National Republican Convention in Chicago.
November . Was elected by 214 votes to 80.
1872
September 14 . Settlement of the Alabama claims.
November . Re-elected President by 300 votes against 66.
1877
May 17 . Sailed from Philadelphia on his journey round the world.
1879
December 16 . Landed at Philadelphia from his journey.
1883
December 24 . Was injured by a fall.
1884
May 6 . Failure of the Marine Bank and of Grant & Ward.
November . Final illness declared itself.
1885
March 4 . Was placed on the retired list with the rank of general.
July 23 . Ulysses S. Grant died at Mount McGregor, near Saratoga, New York.
At the age of thirty-nine, Grant was an obscure failure in a provincial town. To him and his family, for whom he could not earn needful bread, his father had become a last shelter against the struggle of life. Not all the neighbours knew his face. At the age of forty-three his picture hung in the homes of grateful millions. His name was joined with Washington's. A little while, and we see him step down, amid discordant reproach, from Washington's chair, having helplessly presided over scandal and villany blacker than the countery had thus far witnessed. Next, his private integrity is darkly overcast, and the stroke kills him. But death clears his sky. At the age of sixty-three, Grant died; and the people paused to mourn and honour him devotedly. All the neighbours know his face today.
None of our public men have a story so strange as this. It is stranger than Lincoln's. It is very much the strangest of them all. We have been too near the man and his time to see them clear through personal, political, and military feelings, mostly violent. All the people are not dead yet. Nearly all the writers have a case to argue. Sheridan must justify his treatment of Warren. Sherman must bolster up Shiloh. Beauregard must diminish Sidney Johnston. Badeau must belittle Meade, and also the losses in the Wilderness. These are mere instances. The heroes and their biographers all write alike, inevitably moved and biased by the throb of proximity. Such books are not history. They make inspiring material, when read in each other's light. They are personal reminiscences. History never begins until reminiscence is ended. Even Mr. Ropes, in his championing of Buell the soldier, omits Buell the man. Now Buell, sulking over his wrongs, declined, when invited, to come back and take a command again. He found his dignity more important to him than the Union. Grant, meeting singular injustice after winning Donelson, has such words as these to say : If my course is not satisfactory, remove me at once. I do not wish to impede in any way the success of our arms. Good authority rates Buell a more military soldier than Grant, and very likely he was. But Buell thought of himself and forgot his country, while Grant thought of his country and forgot himself. Out of this very contrast a bright light falls, and we begin to see Grant. Writing intemperately, his friends explain him as a sort of Napoleon ; his enemies, as a dull blunderer, accidentally reaping the glory which other people sowed. These extremes meet in error. We have not produced a Napoleon, and military talents of greater brilliancy than Grant's fought on both sides. Purely as captains, Lee, Jackson, Sherman, Thomas, if not others, are likely to stand higher; while Sheridan during his brief opportunity proved such a thunderbolt that, did history know men by their promise instead of by their fruits, he might outshine the whole company, and rank with Charles of Sweden or Conde.
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