Nancy Goldstone - In the Shadow of the Empress - The Defiant Lives of Maria Theresa, Mother of Marie Antoinette, and Her Daughters
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Copyright 2021 by Nancy Goldstone
Cover design by Lauren Harms
Cover art (clockwise from top): Kaiserin Maria Theresia (HRR) (1759), Martin van Meytens (16951770)/courtesy Wikimedia Commons; Archduchess Maria Carolina (17521814) (oil on canvas, C18th AD), Martin van Meytens (16951770)/Bridgeman Images; Marie Antoinette (1769), Joseph Ducreux (17351802)/courtesy Wikimedia Commons; Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen (1765), Martin van Meytens (16951770)/courtesy Wikimedia Commons
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Illustration credits begin .
Maps 2021 by Jeffrey L. Ward
ISBN 978-0-316-44931-1
E3-20210813-JV-NF-ORI
For Larry, Lee, and Tyler, without whom none of this would matter
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I would rather seem weak than unjust, from which God save me.
Maria Theresa, 1765
You do not know me. I am not a woman like the others, fearful and discouraged.
Maria Christina, 1789
I leave my justification to time and to Heaven.
Maria Carolina, 1806
Of all the daughters of Maria Theresa, am I not that one whom fortune has most highly favored?
Marie Antoinette, 1792
Leopold I (b. 1640d. 1705), Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary and Bohemia, married Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg (b. 1655d. 1720), Holy Roman Empress. The couple had two sons.
1. Joseph I (b. 1678d. 1711), Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary and Bohemia
2. Charles VI (b. 1685d. 1740), Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary and Bohemia
Joseph I married Wilhelmine of Brunswick (b. 1673d. 1742). The couple had two daughters.
1. Maria Josepha (b. 1699d. 1757) married Augustus III (b. 1696d. 1763), King of Poland, Elector of Saxony.
2. Maria Amalia (b. 1701d. 1756) married Charles VII (b. 1697d. 1745), Elector of Bavaria, Holy Roman Emperor.
Charles VI married Elizabeth Christina of Brunswick-Wolfenbttel (b. 1691d. 1750). The couple had two daughters.
1. Maria Theresa (b. 1717d. 1780), Holy Roman Empress, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia, married Francis I of Lorraine (b. 1708d. 1765), Holy Roman Emperor.
2. Maria Anna (b. 1718d. 1744), Governor-General of the Austrian Netherlands, married Charles of Lorraine (b. 1712d. 1780), Governor-General of the Austrian Netherlands.
Children of Maria Theresa and Francis of Lorraine:
1. A daughter (b. 1737d. 1740)
2. Marianne (b. 1738d. 1789), Abbess
3. A daughter (b. 1740d. 1741)
4. Joseph II (b. 1741d. 1790), Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary and Bohemia, married first Isabella of Parma (b. 1741d. 1763 of smallpox) and second Maria Josepha of Bavaria (b. 1739d. 1767 of smallpox).
5. Maria Christina (Mimi) (b. 1742d. 1798), Duchess of Teschen, Governor-General of the Austrian Netherlands, married Albert of Saxony (b. 1738d. 1822), Duke of Teschen, Governor-General of the Austrian Netherlands.
6. Maria Elisabeth (b. 1743d. 1808), Abbess
7. Charles (b. 1745d. 1761 of smallpox)
8. Maria Amalia (b. 1746d. 1804), Duchess of Parma, married Ferdinand (b. 1751d. 1802), Duke of Parma.
9. Leopold II (b. 1747d. 1792), Grand Duke of Tuscany, Holy Roman Emperor, married Maria Luisa of Spain (b. 1745d. 1792).
10. A daughter (b. 1748, lived only one hour)
11. Maria Johanna (b. 1750d. 1762 of smallpox)
12. Maria Josepha (b. 1751d. 1767 of smallpox)
13. Maria Carolina (Charlotte) (b. 1752d. 1814), Queen of Naples, married Ferdinand IV (b. 1751d. 1825), King of Naples.
14. Ferdinand (b. 1754d. 1806), Governor of Milan
15. Marie Antoinette (b. 1755d. 1793), Queen of France, married Louis XVI (b. 1754d. 1793), King of France.
16. Maximilian (b. 1756d. 1801), Elector of Cologne
Augustus II the Strong (b. 1670d. 1733), Elector of Saxony, King of Poland, married Christine Eberhardine of Bayreuth. The couple had one son, Augustus III, Elector of Saxony and King of Poland.
Augustus III (b. 1696d. 1763) married Wilhelmines fertile elder daughter, Maria Josepha. The couple had sixteen children; the following are relevant to this story:
1. Frederick Christian (b. 1722d. 1763) succeeded his father as Elector of Saxony.
2. Maria Amalia (b. 1724d. 1760) married Don Carlos, King of Naples; mother of Ferdinand IV, King of Naples.
3. Franz Xavier (b. 1730d. 1806) became Regent of Saxony on Frederick Christians death.
4. Maria Josepha (b. 1731d. 1767) married Louis the Fat, Dauphin of France.
5. Albert (b. 1738d. 1822), Duke of Teschen, Governor-General of the Austrian Netherlands, married Maria Christina.
Charles VII (b. 1697d. 1745), Elector of Bavaria and hapless Holy Roman Emperor, married Wilhelmines younger daughter, Maria Amalia. This couple had seven children. Here are those relevant to this narrative:
1. Maximilian III (b. 1727d. 1777) succeeded his father as Elector of Bavaria. It was Maximilians death that prompted
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