T he author wishes to thank the many people who helped make this book possible and to express his appreciation to Aaron Cohen, John Corcelli, and James Porter for sharing their insights into Tina and her music. Thanks also to my musical friends, Gerry Watson and Kevin Courrier, for ongoing and fruitful discussions over the years. And to my partner, Dr. Mimi Gellman, for allowing me to spend so much time with amazing women like Tina.
Agee, Phil, Tina Pie, Yale University, 1968
Ali, Loraine, Ikes Peak, GQ, June 2001
Ann-Margaret, My Story, Putnams, 1994
Arrington, Carl, Tina Turner Interview, Us, November 13, 1989
Barker/Schremp, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 2019
Bego, Mark, Break Every Rule, Taylor Trade, 2005
Billington, Michael, The Guardian, April 2018
Brooks, Daphne, The Guardian, March 2018
Cohen, Aaron, Move On Up, University of Chicago Press, 2019
Cohen, Jonathan, Billboard, 2008
Collins, Nancy, The Queen, Rolling Stone, October 23, 1986
Daily Herald staff reporters, Hometown Remains the Same, March 8, 2015
Dimery, Robert, editor, 1001 Albums to Hear before You Die, Universe Publishing, 2005.
Dougherty, Steve, Soul Star on Ice, People, September 30, 1990
Elliott, Paul, Review, Q, 1997
Evans, Greg, Broadway Finds Its Tina Turner, IMDb, February 5, 2019
Ferguson, Euan, The Observer, 2008
Fong-Torres, Ben, Ike and Tina Turner, Rolling Stone, October 1971
Fox, Ted, Showtime at the Apollo, Da Capo, 1993
Gaar, Gillian, Shes a Rebel: History of Women in Rock and Roll, Seal Press, 1992
Gardner, Elysa, Rolling Stone, 1998
Harpers, Twenty Four Seven, 1997
Hasted, Nick, Story behind the Song, Classic Rock, February 9, 2018
Hess, Amanda, New York Times, September 9, 2019
Hirshey, Gerri, Nowhere to Run: The Story of Soul Music, DaCapo Press, 1994 / Women in Rock, Rolling Stone, November 1997 / Woman Warrior, GQ, 1993
Hollywood Reporter, December 2000
Horan, Tom, Sunday Telegraph, 2008
Hughes, Charles, Country Soul: Making Music and Making Race, University of North Carolina Press, 2017
Irwin, Colin, The Mojo Collection, Canongate, 2000
Jet, 1984, 1997
Johnson, Brian, Comeback Queen, Macleans, 1985
Kempley, Rita, Washington Post, June 1993
King, Gayle, CBS Sunday Morning, October 14, 2018
Kirschling, Gregory, Entertainment Weekly, 2003
Kureshi, Hanif, The Faber Book of Pop, Faber, 1995
Lee, Minerva, www.lotus-happiness.com, 2018
Levin, Matthew, TransLove Airways podcast, 2019
Loder, Kurt, Heroes of Thunderdome, Rolling Stone, August 29, 1985
Maultsby, Portia, African American Music, Routledge, 2005
McGuigan, Cathleen, Rocks New Women, Newsweek, March 4, 1985
Memphis Music Recording Service, www.706unionavenue.nl
Miller, Debbie, Tina Turner Returns, Rolling Stone, August 1984
Miserandino, Dominick, Ike Turner, Hall of Famer, Celebrity Caf, 2000
Moore, Lucinda, Smithsonian, November 2010
Mower, Sarah, Private Tina, Harpers Bazaar, December 1996
Norment, Lynn, Sizzling at 45, Ebony, May 1985
OBrien, Lucy, She-Bop: Women in Rock Pop and Soul, Penguin, 1995
ODair, Barbara, Trouble-Girls: Rolling Stone Book of Women in Rock, Random House, 1997
Orth, Maureen, Tina, Vogue, 1985 / Vanity Fair, 1993
Palmer, Robert, Rock Begins, Rolling Stone Press, 1976
Palmer, Robert, Church of the Sonic Guitar, Duke University Press, 1997
Porter, James, Wild in the Streets: Tales from Rock and Rolls Negro Leagues, forthcoming from Northwestern University Press
Qweerist.com, March 2019
Ribowsky, Mark, Hes a Rebel: Rock n Rolls Legendary Producer, Cooper Square Press, 1989
Seabrook, John, Inside the Song-Machine: Inside the Hit Factory, Norton, 2015
Sigerson, Davitt, Tine Repeats, Rolling Stone, November 1986
Smith, Joe, Off the Record, Warner Books, 1988
Smith, Suzanne, Dancing in the Street, Harvard University Press, 2001
Stevenson, Jane, Tina Turns It On, Toronto Sun, January 2000
Stras, Laurie, Shes So Fine: Reflections on Femininity and Class in 1960s Music, Ashgate, 2010
The Independent, Merchant Ivory, 2004
Time, 1975
Turner, Tina (with Kurt Loder), I Tina, William Morrow, 1986
Turner, Tina (with Deborah Davis and Dominick Wichmann), My Love Story, Simon and Schuster, 2018.
Udovitch, Mimi, Hardest Working Legs, Rolling Stone, December 2000
Us, Twenty Four Seven, March 2000
Van Biema, David, People, 1984
Wallace, David, Tina Turner, Success Story, McCalls, 1985
Wendeler, Robert, Tina Turner New Acid Queen, People, May 5, 1975
Wenner, Jan, Rolling Stone, 1967/1997
Whitburn, Joel, Billboard Top 40 Albums, Record Research Inc., 1995
Wild, David, Rolling Stone, 2008
Winfrey, Oprah, O, The Oprah Magazine, November 2018
Physical strength in a woman, thats what I am. If youre unhappy with anything, get rid of it. When youre free, then your true creativity and true self comes out.
Tina Turner, in I Tina, 1986
O ne of Tina Turners lesser-known records is also one of her most important and revealing. Nutbush City Limits is a song released in 1973 as a single and on an album of the same name while she was still working with her partner and producer, Ike Turner. Its not her most beloved record or even her most popular song. It was, however, a crucial turning point, one we could even call a Turner Point since it was the first song she wrote by herself, for herself, and about herself. It was one that became quite a big hit for the prolific pair, who by that time had already been successful and revered for more than a decade but who were still only three years away from her divorce and hard-won independence.
It was also a song of deep intimacy, sentiment, and personal nostalgia in which she celebrated her rural roots in a frank and honest manner so meaningful for her that she would release different updated versions of it again and again over the years, notably a live recording in 1988 and several dance remixes in 1991 and yet another rerecording in 1993, long after she had become a stellar solo performer and a megastar in her own right. This raucously danceable ditty clearly had special meaning for her. The hidden truth behind the song was also of course the simple fact that it was always her who made the couples music special right from the beginning, a fact that must have grated severely on her insecure and volatile husband.
This relatively elementary little tune was almost a private kind of national anthem for the sleepy town of Nutbush, Tennessee, a place hardly anyone knew existed apart from the roughly 258 other souls besides Anna Mae Bullock, the future Tina, who lived there. But the song is also elemental in the way it situates her origins and embeds them in a manner that would never quite leave her, no matter how much fame or wealth tumbled her way. Distant from Interstate 40, dropped by an obviously ironic creator in the middle of nowhere between Jackson and Memphis, it was close enough to Highway 19 to make that the escape route for every bored citizen wanting out in search of wider and freer horizons.
This humble song extols and elevates, even mythologizes, a space and time forever lodged in the heart of a southern girl like Miss Bullock. And though basic in its fondly recalled message of home and hearth, Go to the store on Fridays, go to the church on Sundays... , it is nevertheless propelled along in a full-charging way as fueled by Ikes admittedly swift arrangements and his own powerful throbbing electric organ and twanging guitar playing, both coupled with their Kings of Rhythms customary swaying swagger.