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Jennifer Ouellette - Black Bodies and Quantum Cats: Tales from the Annals of Physics

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Jennifer Ouellette Black Bodies and Quantum Cats: Tales from the Annals of Physics
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Physics, once known as natural philosophy, is the most basic science, explaining the world we live in, from the largest scale down to the very, very, very smallest, and our understanding of it has changed over many centuries. In Black Bodies and Quantum Cats, science writer Jennifer Ouellette traces key developments in the field, setting descriptions of the fundamentals of physics in their historical context as well as against a broad cultural backdrop. Newtons laws are illustrated via the film Addams Family Values, while Back to the Future demonstrates the finer points of special relativity. Poes The Purloined Letter serves to illuminate the mysterious nature of neutrinos, and Jeanette Wintersons novel Gut Symmetries provides an elegant metaphorical framework for string theory. An enchanting and edifying read, Black Bodies and Quantum Cats shows that physics is not an arcane field of study but a profoundly human endeavorand a fundamental part of our everyday world.

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Praise for Black Bodies and Quantum Cats

To Jennifer Ouellette, physics is more human and intriguing and less arcane than people think, as she proves with her smart and varied collection of stories from the farther reaches of physics, written with a light touch.

S IDNEY P ERKOWITZ , Candler Professor of Physics, Emory University, and author of Empire of Light

I was so hooked by the end of the first chapter that I read it straight through. Black Bodies and Quantum Cats is a captivating look at how physicists think about the world. Even nonscientists may find themselves starting to think that way.

R OBERT L. P ARK , professor of physics, University of Maryland

PENGUIN BOOKS

BLACK BODIES AND QUANTUM CATS

Jennifer Ouellette is associate editor of APS News, the monthly publication of The American Physical Society, which features the column This Month in Physics History, and a member of the National Association of Science Writers. Her work has also appeared in Discover and Salon . She has written about such varied topics as the acoustics of Mayan pyramids and New York City subways, fractal patterns in the paintings of Jackson Pollock, and the precarious pitfalls of pseudoscience. Her article on concert hall acoustics for The Industrial Physicist earned her an award in science writing from the Acoustical Society of America. Ouellette is also a black belt in Niseido jujitsu. She lives in Washington, D.C. Visit her Web site at www.jenniferouellette-writes.com.

BLACK BODIES AND QUANTUM CATS

TALES FROM THE ANNALS OF PHYSICS

Jennifer Ouellette

Foreword by Alan Chodos, Ph.D.

Picture 1

Penguin Books

PENGUIN BOOKS

Published by the Penguin Group
Penguin Group (USA) Inc., 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014, U.S.A.
Penguin Group (Canada), 90 Eglinton Avenue East, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4P 2Y3 (a division of Pearson Penguin Canada Inc.)
Penguin Books Ltd, 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England
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Penguin Group (NZ), cnr Airborne and Rosedale Roads, Albany, Auckland 1310, New Zealand (a division of Pearson New Zealand Ltd)
Penguin Books (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd, 24 Sturdee Avenue, Rosebank, Johannesburg 2196, South Africa

Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England

First published in Penguin Books 2005

Copyright Jennifer Ouellette, 2005
Foreword copyright Alan Chodos, 2005
All rights reserved

Portions of this book were published as Pollocks Fractals ( Discover, issue of November 2001), Teaching Old Masters New Tricks ( Discover, December 2001), and Bubble, Bubble: The Physics of Foam ( Discover , June 2002).

ILLUSTRATION CREDITS:
p. iii Illustration by Nicholas Blechman; p. 11 Nicholaus Copernicus Museum, Frombork; p. 19 Illustration by David Wood; p. 24 The British Library; p. 31 Illustration by Patrick Moore; p. 41 LIGO Laboratory; p. 49 The Bakken Library and Museum; p. 54 Adventures in Cybersound/Russell Naughton; p. 64 The Bakken Library and Museum; p. 76 Daniel Bernoulli, Hydrodynamica (1738);p. 98 Foyle Special Collections Library, Kings College, London; p. 102 Library of Congress; p. 117 Tesla Memorial Society of New York; p. 122 Adventures in Cybersound/Russell Naughton; p. 126 Museum of American Heritage; p. 133 Barry Truax, Handbook for Acoustic Ecology ; p. 154 By permission of the Warden and Fellows, New College, Oxford; p. 155 Illustration by John Blamire, Brooklyn College/ CUNY; pp. 16566 Illustrations by Paul Dlugokencky; p. 189 Xerox Corporation; p. 205 Stanford University; p. 210 NASA/Johnson Space Center; p. 217 Museum of Science, Boston; p. 222 Laser Center, Hanover, Germany; p. 235 (top) CNF, Cornell University, (bottom) CCMR/CNF, Cornell University; p. 250 Photograph by C. D. Anderson, courtesy AIP Emilio Segr Visual Archives; p. 264 The Library Company of Philadelphia; p. 296 Illustration by Paul Dlugokencky.

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Ouellette, Jennifer.
Black bodies and quantum cats: tales from the annals of physics / Jennifer Ouellette.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN: 978-1-1012-2140-2
1. PhysicsHistory. I. Title.
QC7.O89 2005
530'.09dc22 2005043370

The scanning, uploading, and distribution of this book via the Internet or via any other means without the permission of the publisher is illegal and punishable by law. Please purchase only authorized electronic editions, and do not participate in or encourage electronic piracy of copyrighted materials. Your support of the authors rights is appreciated.

FOR CAMI, EMILY, KATHRYN, MORGAN, AND RYAN.
MAY YOU ALWAYS BE CURIOUS ABOUT
THE WORLD AROUND YOU.

Contents

1509: PUBLICATION OF DE DIVINA PROPORTIONE

1542: PUBLICATION OF DE REVOLUTIONIBUS

CIRCA 1590: INVENTION OF THE MICROSCOPE

JANUARY 7, 1610: GALILEO DISCOVERS MOONS OF JUPITER

JULY 1687: PUBLICATION OF NEWTONS PRINCIPIA

JUNE 1752: FRANKLINS KITE EXPERIMENT

1807: INVENTION OF THE CAMERA LUCIDA

1820: FIRST EVIDENCE OF ELECTROMAGNETISM

CIRCA 1840S: BABBAGES ANALYTICAL ENGINE

SEPTEMBER 24, 1852: FIRST DIRIGIBLE TAKES FLIGHT

JUNE 1871: MAXWELL AND HIS DEMON

NOVEMBER 1872: DEATH OF MARY SOMERVILLE

MARCH 10, 1876: FIRST DOCUMENTED TRANSMISSION OF HUMAN SPEECH

1884: FIRST U.S. ROLLER COASTER OPENS A CONEY ISLAND

MAY 1888: TESLA AND ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION

FEBRUARY 2, 1893: EDISON FILMS A SNEEZE

1895: TESLA DEMONSTRATES WIRELESS RADIO

NOVEMBER 8, 1895: ROENTGEN DISCOVERS X RAYS

OCTOBER 1897: DISCOVERY OF THE ELECTRON

OCTOBER 1900: PLANCK INTRODUCES QUANTA

JUNE 1905: EINSTEIN INTRODUCES SPECIAL RELATIVITY

MARCH 16, 1926: LAUNCH OF THE FIRST LIQUID-FUEL ROCKET

1935: SCHRDINGERS QUANTUM CAT

OCTOBER 1938: FIRST XEROGRAPHIC COPY

JULY 1945: THE TRINITY TEST

JUNE 24, 1947: THE SHELTER ISLAND CONFERENCE

1948: REDDI-WIP APPEARS ON THE MARKET

MAY 13, 1958: VELCRO TRADEMARK REGISTERED

DECEMBER 1958: INVENTION OF THE LASER

DECEMBER 29, 1959: FEYNMANS CLASSIC CALTECH LECTURE

CIRCA JANUARY 1961: LORENZ AND THE BUTTERFLY EFFECT

JULY 1963: DISCOVERY OF COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND RADIATION

APRIL 1994: DISCOVERY OF THE TOP QUARK

MAY 1997: DEEP BLUE DEFEATS KASPAROV

DECEMBER 1998: DISCOVERY OF THE ACCELERATING UNIVERSE

FEBRUARY 2001: SOLUTION TO SOLAR NEUTRINO PROBLEM

SEPTEMBER 2002: SCHOEN FOUND GUILTY OF SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCT

OCTOBER 2003: NOVA SPECIAL ON STRING THEORY

Foreword

P hysics has the reputation, not entirely undeserved, of being a difficult subject. Books about physics are often avoided, and thats too bad, because the questions that engage physicists are of interest to anyone with curiosity about the universe we live in.

The story of physics, as played out in the lives of physicists, inventors, and entrepreneurs, is deeply human and belies the stereotype of the scientist as guided only by strict rationality and objective reason. Progress in physics involves a lot of art as well as science. The way physics really happens cannot be found in the pages of professional journals alone.

In an astonishing performance, Jennifer Ouellette manages to weave all these elements together in a fascinating blend of history, science, and literary allusion. She takes the broadest possible view of physics, writing about milestones like the publication of Newtons Principia , but also about the invention of the roller coaster, and the quantum mysteries of Schrdingers cat. As someone who was trained in English literature and has pursued a successful career as a science writer and editor, she brings an unusual set of talents to the creation of a unique work.

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