Medawar Jean - Hitlers gift : the true story of the scientists expelled by the nazi regime
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- Book:Hitlers gift : the true story of the scientists expelled by the nazi regime
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In this revelatory book, Jean Medawar and David Pyke tell countless gripping individual stories of emigration, rescue, and escape, including those of Albert Einstein, Fritz Haber, Leo Szilard, and many others. Much of this material was collected through interviews with more than twenty of the surviving refugee scholars, so as to document for history the steps taken after Hitlers policy was enacted. As one refugee scholar wrote, Far from destroying the spirit of German scholarship, the Nazis had spread it all over the world. Only Germany was to be the loser.
Hitlers Gift is the story of the men who were forced from their homeland and went on to revolutionize many of the scientific practices that we rely on today. Experience firsthand the stories of these geniuses, and learn not only how their deportation affected them, but how it bettered the world that we live in today.
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Copyright 2000, 2011 by Jean Medawar and David Pike
All Rights Reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner without the express written consent of the publisher, except in the case of brief excerpts in critical reviews or articles. All inquiries should be addressed to Arcade Publishing, 307 West 36th Street, 11th Floor, New York, NY 10018.
Arcade Publishing books may be purchased in bulk at special discounts for sales promotion, corporate gifts, fund-raising, or educational purposes. Special editions can also be created to specifications. For details, contact the Special Sales Department, Arcade Publishing, 307 West 36th Street, 11th Floor, New York, NY 10018 or arcade@skyhorsepublishing.com.
Arcade Publishing is a registered trademark of Skyhorse Publishing, Inc., a Delaware corporation.
Visit our website at www.arcadepub.com.
10 9876543 2 1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available on file.
ISBN: 978-1-61145-421-5
In preparing this book we have been helped by many people and institutions, especially:
The Royal College of Physicians, Wellcome Trust, Wolfson College, Oxford, Bodleian Library, Oxford, Wiener Library, the Royal Society, Rockefeller Archive Center, Miss Tess Simpson, the Society for the Protection of Science and Learning, Professor Peter Lachmann FRS, Mrs Mary Blaschko, Professor Gus Born FRS, Sir Rudolf Peierls FRS, Professor Albert Neuberger FRS, Dr Cornelius Medvei, Mr Charles Perrin, Lady Simon, Mrs Frank Loeffler, Mr Ralph Blumenau, Sir Hans Kornberg FRS, Sir Bernard Katz FRS, Dr Nicholas Kurd FRS, Dr Werner Jacobson, Sir Joseph Rotblat FRS, Dr Marthe Vogt FRS, Dr Heinz Fuld, Dr Erwin Chargaff, Sir Hermann Bondi FRS, Sir Ernst Gombrich OM, Sir Karl Popper FRS, Mrs H. G. Kuhn, Herman Wouk, Sir Isaiah Berlin OM, Mrs Use Wolff, Dr C. F. von Weizscker, Mrs Jean Havill.
We would also like to thank our agent, Christopher Sinclair Stevenson, for his support and help in finding a publisher; our editor, Anne Boston; and Peter Day, whose skill and enthusiasm were a major encouragement. We must also thank Richard Cohen for taking on Hitlers Gift and for his support throughout its writing. Finally, we are particularly grateful to Dr Max Perutz OM FRS for writing the Foreword, He and Mr Barry Davis read the manuscript for scientific and historical errors. Any that remain are the fault of the authors.
1. Hitler and General Ludendorff around the time of the Munich putsch of November 1923 (Imperial War Museum).
2. Hitler, President Hindenburg and Goering (Hulton Getty Collection).
3. The Scientists - Solvay Congress, 1927 (Emilio Segr Visual Archives).
4. Tess Simpson, 1994 (Lady Medawars private collection),
5. A.V. Hill, C.1940 (from Refugee Scholars, private publication).
6. Sir William Beveridge, c.1960 (from Refugee Scholars, private publication).
7. Max Planck presenting Albert Einstein with a medal, 1929 (Emilio Segr Visual Archives).
8. Burning the books, 10 May 1933 (Imperial War Museum).
9. Werner Heisenberg receiving the Nobel Prize, 1933.
10. Max Born and James Franck, c.1937 (Michael Nicholson Collection).
11. Lise Meitner and Otto Hahn, 1920 (Michael Nicholson Collection).
12. Adoring crowd greeting Hitler, 1935 (Michael Nicholson Collection).
13. Niels Bohr, c. 1945 (Emilio Segr Visual Archives).
14. Hans Krebs, 1967 (Anne Martin private collection).
15. Rudolf Peierls and Francis Simon, c.1951 (Michael Nicholson Collection).
16. Erwin Schrdinger and Frederick Lindemann, 1933 (from Refugee Scholars, private publication).
17. Jews forced to scrub the streets (Imperial War Museum).
18. Max Perutz, 1990 (Dr Pykes private collection).
19. Professor Chadwick and General Groves at Los Alamos, c.1944 (Michael Nicholson Collection).
20. Internees, Isle of Man, 1940 (from Collar the Lot by P. and L. Gillman).
21. Model of atomic pile built by Fermi and Szilard, Chicago, 1940 (American Institute of Physics).
22. Edward Teller, 1983 (Emilio Segr Visual Archives).
23. Joseph Rotblat, 1995 (Dr Pykes private collection).
24. Einstein and Szilard write to President Roosevelt, August 1939 (Time/Warner/HBO).
Some years ago I ran into one of my Viennese friends of the 1930s. He asked me:
What do you think of Fifi?
Whos Fifi?
Dont you remember, the girl with the dachshund?
What about her?
Havent you seen Born Free.
Ive read it.
She emigrated to Kenya, abbreviated Josephine to Joy and married that game warden Adamson. Had Fifi remained in Vienna, she would have continued to keep dachshunds: it was her emigration that enabled her to keep a lioness instead. That story is symbolic of the greater opportunities many of us found in our new homes.
Jean Medawar and David Pyke tell the stories of the selected group of Jewish scientists and physicians from Germany and Austria whom the Nazis dismissed from their academic posts and who settled in Britain and the United States. They describe some of the contributions to science and medicine which these men made both before and after their emigration. According to the authors, their emigration was Hitlers loss and Britains and Americas gain.
As one of the scientists included in the book, I must protest. Like Fifis, the gain was mine. Had I stayed in my native Austria, even if there had been no Hitler, I could never have solved the problem of protein structure, or founded the Laboratory of Molecular Biology which became the envy of the scientific world. I would have lacked the means, I would not have found the outstanding teachers and colleagues, or learned scientific rigour; I would have lacked the stimulus, the role models, the tradition of attacking important problems, however difficult, that Cambridge provided. It was Cambridge that made me, and for that I am forever grateful. The art historian Ernst Gombrich feels the same way. We all owe a tremendous debt to Britain.
It began with a remarkable act of selfless generosity on the part of British academics. Shortly after Hitler came to power, in March 1933, Sir William Beveridge, then director of the London School of Economics, and Lionel Robbins, one of its professors, were enjoying themselves in Vienna when they read the first news of Hitlers wholesale dismissal of Jewish teachers from German universities. Possession of even a single Jewish grandparent disqualified academics from teaching the German Master Race. Refusal to swear allegiance to Adolf Hitler was another ground for dismissal. Outraged, Beveridge and Robbins returned to London and convened the professorial council which decided to invite all teachers and administrators to contribute to an academic assistance fund for helping displaced scholars in economic and political science. Beveridge recalled: The answer to Hitler of British Universities generally was as immediate and emphatic as the answer of the London School of Economics. On 22 May 1933, 41 prominent academics, including Maynard Keynes, Gilbert Murray, George Trevelyan and seven Nobel laureates in science and medicine wrote to The Times announcing the foundation of the Academic Assistance Council to raise a fund, to be used primarily, though not exclusively, in providing maintenance for displaced teachers and investigators, and finding them work in universities and scientific institutions. Accommodated in two small offices in the Royal Societys rooms in Burlington House, it became as much a specialized labour exchange as an income provider. In 1936 the councils name was changed to the Society for the Protection of Science and Learning. At the end of the Second World War, 2,541 refugee scholars were registered with the society, most of them Germans and Austrians. Other refugees came from Czechoslovakia, Italy and Spain. The societys income from its formation to the outbreak of war was nearly 100,000, equivalent to about
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