James Crossland - War, Law and Humanity: The Campaign to Control Warfare, 1853-1914

War, Law and Humanity

For the Widows in Ypsilanti...

Also available from Bloomsbury

Medicine in First World War Europe, by Fiona Reid

Photography, Humanitarianism, Empire, by Jane Lydon

Contents

During the writing of this book, I have benefitted from various nuggets of wisdom, thoughtful suggestions and helpful ideas, both implicit and explicit, from: Neville Wylie, Davide Rodogno, Michael Durey, Rebecca Gill, Matthew Hill, Susan Grant, Andrew Webster, Rosemary Wall, Jon Arrizabalaga, Leo van Bergen and Peter Wilson. My thanks to all. A special thank you to Christopher Vaughan and Branden Little, both of whom made some important contributions to this book in regards to style and substance. The research and production of this book was also helped along immensely by the knowledge and assistance proffered by Fabrizio Bensi, Cynthia Germond and Fania Mohammed at the Archives of the International Committee of the Red Cross, Susan Waide and Thomas Lisanti at the New York Public Library, and Catherine Nicols at the Staffordshire Records Office. My thanks also to Beatriz Lopez and Emily Drewe at Bloomsbury, who have guided me through the process of producing this book smoothly and efficiently. A final and important thank you must go to my love, Sarah, for her support, tolerance and endless understanding.

Louis Appia (18181898)

Franco-Swiss surgeon and co-founder of the International Committee of the Red Cross (the Committee).

John Charles Ardagh (18401907)

Head of British Military Intelligence in South Africa and delegate to the 1899 Hague Conference and the 1906 Geneva Conference.

Clara Barton (18211912)

Volunteer medic during the American Civil War and Franco-Prussian Wars. Founder of the American Red Cross.

Johan Basting (18171870)

Dutch army surgeon and founder of the Dutch Red Cross.

Henry Whitney Bellows (18141882)

New York clergyman and founder of the United States Sanitary Commission (USSC).

Johann Kaspar Bluntschli (18081881)

Swiss lawyer and co-founder of the Institute of International Law (IIL).

Charles Bowles (18351915)

USSC agent in Europe and unofficial Union representative at the 1864 Geneva Conference.

George Halstead Boyland (18451880)

American Civil War surgeon and volunteer medic in the Franco-Prussian War.

Henry Brackenbury (18371914)

British army officer and member of the Order of St John of Jerusalem.

Jean-Charles Chenu (18081879)

French army surgeon, naturalist and coordinator of the Socit de secours aux blesss militaires (SSBM) during the Franco-Prussian War.

Edward A. Crane (18321906)

Surgeon and member of both the USSC and the American Association for the Relief of Misery on the Battlefields. Volunteer medic during Franco-Prussian War.

Randal Cremer (18281908)

Member of British Parliament, peace activist and co-founder of the Interparliamentary Union (IPU).

Dorothea Dix (18021887)

Volunteer medic, human rights activist and Superintendent of Army Nurses for the Union during the American Civil War.

David Dudley-Field (18041894)

New York lawyer and co-founder of the IIL.

Guillaume Dufour (17871875)

Swiss general and co-founder of the Committee.

Henry Dunant (18221910)

Swiss philanthropist, author of A Memory of Solferino, co-founder of the Committee and, in later life, member of the peace movement.

Thomas Evans (18231897)

Dentist to Napoleon III, volunteer medic in the Franco-Prussian War and promoter of the USSC in Europe.

Frdric Ferrire (18481924)

Nephew of Louis Appia, Red Cross volunteer and eventual Vice-President of the Committee.

Clement Finley (17971879)

Union Surgeon-General and opponent of the USSC.

John Furley (18361919)

Volunteer medic in numerous wars and founder of both the British Red Cross (BRC) and the St John Ambulance.

John Hall (17951866)

Inspector-General of Hospitals for the British Army during the Crimean War.

William A. Hammond (18281900)

Surgeon-General of the Union Army after the removal of Clement Finley.

Elisha Harris (18241884)

Sanitary theorist, medical inventor and co-founder of the USSC.

Vincent Kennett-Barrington (18441903)

Volunteer medic and head of the Stafford House Committees mission to Constantinople during the Russo-Turkish War.

Nicasio Landa (18301891)

Army surgeon and founder of the Spanish Red Cross.

Leon LeFort (18291893)

Surgeon and coordinator of the SSBM during the Franco-Prussian War.

Jonathan Letterman (18241872)

Union army surgeon and Medical Director of the Army of the Potomac.

Francis Lieber (18001872)

German American lawyer, philosopher and author of the Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States in the Field, General Orders 100.

Thomas Longmore (18161895)

British army surgeon, Surgeon-General, ally of Nightingale and advocate of BRC.

Robert Loyd-Lindsay (18321901)

Crimean War veteran, volunteer in the Franco-Prussian War and the Balkans conflicts, and co-founder of the BRC.

William MacCormac (18361901)

British army surgeon, head of the Anglo-American ambulance in the Franco-Prussian War and director of surgeon recruitment for the Stafford House Committee.

William MacPherson (18581927)

Major general in the Royal Army Medical Corps and architect of the reorganization of the BRC.

Fedor Fedorovich Martens (18451909)

Russian lawyer, diplomat and organizer of the Brussels and Hague Conferences.

Thodore Maunoir (18061869)

Swiss surgeon and co-founder of the Committee.

Louisa McLaughlin (18361921)

Volunteer medic during the Franco-Prussian War and the Balkans conflicts.

Gustave Moynier (18261910)

Swiss lawyer, co-founder of both the IIL and the Committee. President of the latter.

Jaromir von Mundy (18221894)

Austrian surgeon, medical inventor, founder of the Vienna Ambulance Service and Stafford House Committee surgeon during the Russo-Turkish War.

Florence Nightingale (18201910)

Pioneering nurse and head of nurses for the British army at Scutari Barracks during the Crimean War.

Frederick Law Olmsted (18221903)

Architect and co-founder of the USSC.

Frdric Passy (18221912)

Member of the French Chamber of Deputies, economist, peace activist and founder of both the Socit Franaise pour larbitrage entre Nations and the IPU.

Emma Pearson (18281893)

Volunteer medic in the Franco-Prussian War and the Balkans conflicts.

Nicolai Pirogov (18101881)

Russian surgeon and volunteer medic in the Crimean, Franco-Prussian and Russo-Turkish Wars.

Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns (18351902)

Belgian lawyer and co-founder of the IIL.

William Howard Russell (18201907)

War correspondent who made his name documenting soldier suffering during the Crimean War.

Charles Ryan (18531926)

Australian surgeon. Volunteer medic in the Franco-Prussian War and Stafford House Committee surgeon during the Russo-Turkish War.

William T. Stead (18491912)

Journalist and peace activist who covered the Hague conferences.