Michael D. Woodard - Black entrepreneurs in America: stories of struggle and success
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Black entrepreneurs in America: stories of struggle and success
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This concise study of recent trends in black entrepreneurship (is) more than just a business book, this is an affecting, inspiring book for any nascent entrepreneur.
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Black Entrepreneurs in America : Stories of Struggle and Success
author
:
Woodard, Michael D.
publisher
:
Rutgers University Press
isbn10 | asin
:
0813523680
print isbn13
:
9780813523682
ebook isbn13
:
9780585022093
language
:
English
subject
African American business enterprises--Management--Case studies, Success in business--United States--Case studies.
publication date
:
1997
lcc
:
HD62.7.W66 1997eb
ddc
:
338/.04/08996073
subject
:
African American business enterprises--Management--Case studies, Success in business--United States--Case studies.
Black Entrepreneurs in America
STORIES OF STRUGGLE AND SUCCESS
MICHAEL D. WOODARD, Ph.D.
RUTGERS UNIVERSITY PRESS NEW BRUNSWICK, NEW JERSEY
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Woodard, Michard D. Black entrepreneurs in America : stories of struggle and success / Michael D. Woodard p. cm Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-8135-2368-0 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Afro-American business enterprisesManagementCase studies. 2. Success in businessUnited StatesCase studies. I. Title. HD62.7.W66 1997
338'.04'08996073dc20
96-16176 CIP
British Cataloging-in-Publication information available
Copyright 1997 by Michael D. Woodard All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher. Please contact Rutgers University Press, Livingston Campus, Bldg. 4161, P.O. Box 5062, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903. The only exception to this prohibition is "fair use" as defined by U.S. copyright law.
Manufactured in the United States of America
To my young adult children, Defferen, Nicole, and Aisha. You are the light of my life.
To my deceased mother and father.
To my mentors, William Julius Wilson and Teresa Sullivan.
To Cherry Virginia Gillis, with whom in high school I discovered the power of words and the joy of writing.
To future entrepreneurs. May your path be lighted by this book.
Page vii
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ix
PART 1
The Origin of Successful Black Businesses in America
1
Economic Rights
3
2
The Impact of Civil Rights
25
3
An Indigenous Frame of Reference
39
PART 2
The Life Stories of Enterpreneurs
4
Starting a Business
THE EAST REGION
51
5
Gaining Access to Capital
THE CENTRAL REGION
101
6
Community Involvement
THE WEST REGION
157
PART 3
The Outlook for Black Business Development
7
The Future
215
BIBLIOGRAPHY
243
INDEX
247
Page ix
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This book was written to tell the neglected story of African American entrepreneurs in the post-Civil Rights era. Writing this book has been a journey that would not have been possible without the involvement and support of many, many people. I wish to acknowledge each person.
My children, while still in high school and college, gave me permission to leave the Midwest and go to Los Angeles for my research. They said, "The telephones work and airplanes fly and we'll be out." I could not have contemplated this project without knowing that my children were alright with it. Thanks, Defferen, Nicole, and Aisha. This one is for the sacrifice you made.
The UCLA Center for African American Studies invited me for a sabbatical year beginning fall 1989 that turned into a six-year stay. I wish to thank Claudia Mitchell-Kernan and M. Belinda Tucker for their support and encouraging words along the way. I also maintained close relationships with sociologists at UCLA. I owe a great debt to Walter Allen and Melvin Oliver. They were very supportive throughout my time at UCLA, read my work, and are just great friends. Vilma Ortiz was also very important. For several years I had studied occupational patterns, but Vilma Ortiz said, "Look at entrepreneurship, look at entrepreneurship, that's what we don't know about." It was her rather persistent prodding that opened a new and exciting research area to me. Thanks, Vilma.
This study grew out of a research grant provided by the Ford Foundation. Lynn Huntley, Ellen Brown, and Mark Elliott had the vision and commitment to address the capital gap that exists for African Americans starting and sustaining businesses. Lynn Huntley was my primary
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