David Zarefsky - President Johnsons war on poverty: rhetoric and history
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President Johnsons war on poverty: rhetoric and history
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President Johnson's War On Poverty : Rhetoric and History
author
:
Zarefsky, David.
publisher
:
University of Alabama Press
isbn10 | asin
:
0817302662
print isbn13
:
9780817302665
ebook isbn13
:
9780585213514
language
:
English
subject
Economic assistance, Domestic--United States, United States--Politics and government--1963-1969.
publication date
:
1986
lcc
:
HC110.P63Z36 1986eb
ddc
:
338.973
subject
:
Economic assistance, Domestic--United States, United States--Politics and government--1963-1969.
Page iii
President Johnson's War on Poverty
Rhetoric and History
David Zarefsky
The University of Alabama Press
Page iv
Copyright 1986 by The University of Alabama Press University, Alabama 35486 All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Zarefsky, David. President Johnson's war on poverty. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Economic assistance, DomesticUnited States. 2. United StatesPolitics and government19631969. I. Title. HC110.P63Z36 1985 338.973 84-24098 ISBN 0-8173-0266-2
Page v
For Nikki and Beth
Page vii
Contents
Preface
ix
Chronology
xvii
1 Rhetoric and Public Policy: The Force of Symbolic Choice
1
2 Inception: The War Is Declared
21
3 Rhetorical Crisis: The Transformation of the Military Objective
57
4 Rhetorical Crisis: The Transformation of the Enemy
92
5 Rhetorical Crisis: The Transformation of Weapons and Tactics
120
6 Consummation: The Stalemated War
160
7 The Impasse of the Liberal Argument
192
Notes
209
Selected Bibliography
256
Index
267
Page ix
Preface
In the early evening of November 23, 1963his first full day as presidentLyndon Johnson met with Walter Heller, chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers, to discuss the council's research on poverty in the United States. Only four days earlier, President Kennedy had decided to make antipoverty policy a major component of his 1964 legislative program, instructing Heller to develop the outline of a program for review shortly after Thanksgiving. Now instructions were needed from the new president concerning the direction the council's work should take. From his suite in the Executive Office Building, Johnson gazed across to the West Wing of the White House, reflected on the dedication of the White House staff to sustain the motion of government amidst national tragedy, and told Heller to proceed. "That's my kind of program," he is reported to have said. "It will help people."
More than twenty years have passed since President Johnson declared "unconditional war" on poverty and summoned Americans with his vision of a Great Society. In the climate of the 1980s such talk seems a stale throwback to another time, naive at best and suspect at worst.
Page x
Currently it is fashionable to stress the limits, not the possibilities, of what government can do. The past two decades have introduced a discontinuity in thought and judgment, so that Johnson's grand vision appears as arrogance approaching hubris. This change begs for explanation, and the key turning points can be found within the dates of the Johnson administration itself.
Although the inception of the program was not without difficulties, in the beginning there was heady optimism. Barely two months passed between the president's call for action and the introduction of the antipoverty bill in Congress. Five months later, the Economic Opportunity Act became law. How such a cause rose so fast is one of the main concerns of this book. But there is another side to the story.
Once antipoverty programs were under way, they were quickly mired in difficulties. They stood accused of not doing enough for the poor and of doing too much. They were criticized both for compromising with local politicians and for antagonizing them. They were charged both with dampening the morale of the poor and with inspiring the poor to riot. They were attacked as inadequately funded and as extravagant. They were tarred with the stigma of public welfare programs. By 1967, only three years after war had been "declared," the future of the antipoverty program was very much in doubt. How could a program which began with such strong support have fallen so far? And was there some connection between the quick ascendancy and the rapid demise? Did the methods that contributed to the early success of the War on Poverty actually hasten its decline?
Much has been written about these questions by scholars examining specific programs or decisions as problems in public administration, organizational behavior, or local
Page xi
government. With respect to the War on Poverty as a whole, however, the answers tend toward shibboleth and clich. Conservatives proclaim that the War on Poverty shows the futility of throwing dollars after problems; liberals decry that not enough was spent.
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