Robert Saunders (Jr.) - John Archibald Campbell, Southern moderate, 1811-1889
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John Archibald Campbell, Southern Moderate, 18111889
Robert Saunders, Jr.
The University of Alabama Press Tuscaloosa and London
title
:
John Archibald Campbell, Southern Moderate, 1811-1889
author
:
Saunders, Robert.
publisher
:
University of Alabama Press
isbn10 | asin
:
0817308490
print isbn13
:
9780817308490
ebook isbn13
:
9780585211640
language
:
English
subject
Campbell, John Archibald,--1811-1889, Judges--United States--Biography.
publication date
:
1997
lcc
:
KF8745.C27S28 1997eb
ddc
:
347.73/2634
subject
:
Campbell, John Archibald,--1811-1889, Judges--United States--Biography.
Page iv
Copyright 1997 The University of Alabama Press Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0380 All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America
The paper on which this book is printed meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Science-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Saunders, Robert, Jr. John Archibald Campbell, Southern moderate, 18111889 / Robert Saunders, Jr. p. cm. Includes biblographical references (p. 267) and index. ISBN 0-8173-0849-0 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Campbell, John Archibald, 18111889. 2. JudgesUnited States Biography. I. Title. KF8745.C27S28 1997 347.73'2634dc20 [B] [B347.3073534] [B] 96-31041
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication data available
Page v
This book is dedicated to Shannon
Page vii
Contents
Preface
ix
1. Ancestry and Antecedents
1
2. Professional Career, 18301842
20
3. Submerged Lands and States' Rights
39
4. Campbell and the Peculiar Institution
57
5. The Crisis at Midcentury
69
6. States' Rights Triumphant
84
7. States' Rights Justice, Part 1: Commerce, Contracts, and Quitman
105
8. States' Rights Justice, Part 2: Dred Scott and Sherman Booth
124
9. The War Years, Part 1: To Mitigate the Evils upon the Country
136
10. The War Years, Part 2: That We Should Not Be Utterly Destroyed
161
11. Reconstruction and Redemption
186
12. Postwar Palingenesis
210
13. Conclusion
230
Notes
237
Bibliography
267
Index
279
Page viii
Illustrations
1. John Archibald Campbell, ca. 18261828
13
2. Campbell during his tenure on the Supreme Court, ca. 1855
113
3. Campbell about 1875 in New Orleans
197
4. Campbell, shortly before his death in 1889
224
5. Official portrait of Campbell in the U.S. Supreme Court Archives
236
Page ix
Preface
Biographers risk choosing a subject whose life, although perhaps interesting, does not merit a full-length study. This is not the case with John Archibald Campbell, who served as an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1853 to 1861 and whose life and labors reflect nearly every major development of nineteenth-century American history. Campbell participated either directly or indirectly in events ranging from the unconscionable Indian removal process of the 1830s, to sectionalism and the Civil War, to Reconstruction and Redemption. He lived during the most traumatic years in American history when the nation split and a civil war of unprecedented destruction forever changed its destiny. This was an era of increasing radicalism, of abolitionism, of Free-Soilism, of Know-Nothingism, and of southern nationalism disguising an inherent dread of social change. Fundamentally conservative, Campbell deplored social revolutions that promised rapid change and threatened his innate desire for order and stability. By midcentury, when abolitionism and sectionalism jeopardized Campbell's perception of an ordered society, he struck back at those forces and in many respects often appeared as radical and as reactionary as the so-called southern fire-eaters, an often irresponsible group of individuals who sought to separate the southern states from the rest of the nation. By the same token, though, Campbell vehemently disagreed with the southern fire-eaters, who maintained that secession was inevitable. Serving as an associate justice, Campbell sought to protect states' rights while maintaining the sanctity of the federal Constitution and the power and authority of the central government.
Campbell was not a defender of slavery, but he detested any person who demanded immediate and noncompensatory abolition, because he feared that the hasty removal of slavery from southern society would cause severe economic and social dislocation. But Campbell also felt strongly that, because human bondage was antithetical to American ideals of liberty and freedom, southern states had to reform their labor system. In the early 1850s he proposed a series of reforms to strengthen slave families and to educate the slaves so as to prepare them for assimilation into southern society as productive citizens. Campbell's moderate and progressive views distinguish him from many
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