William Joseph Burns - Economic aid and American policy toward Egypt, 1955-1981
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Economic aid and American policy toward Egypt, 1955-1981
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Economic Aid and American Policy Toward Egypt, 1955-1981
author
:
Burns, William J.
publisher
:
State University of New York Press
isbn10 | asin
:
0873958683
print isbn13
:
9780873958684
ebook isbn13
:
9780585077208
language
:
English
subject
Economic assistance, American--Egypt, Egypt--Foreign relations--United States, United States--Foreign relations--Egypt.
publication date
:
1985
lcc
:
HC830.B87 1985eb
ddc
:
338.91/73062
subject
:
Economic assistance, American--Egypt, Egypt--Foreign relations--United States, United States--Foreign relations--Egypt.
Page iii
Economic Aid and American Policy Toward Egypt, 19551981
William J. Burns
with a foreword by Ambassador Hermann Frederick Eilts
State University of New York Press ALBANY
Page iv
The views expressed in this book are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of the United States State Department, the United States Government or any other organization.
Published by State University of New York Press, Albany
1985 State University of New York
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.
For information, address State University of New York Press, State University Plaza, Albany, N.Y. 12246
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Burns, William J. (William Joseph), 1956 Economic aid and American policy toward Egypt, 19551981. Bibliography: p. 263 1. Economic assistance, AmericanEgypt. 2. EgyptForeign relationsUnited States. 3. United StatesForeign relationsEgypt. I. Title. HC830.B87 1984 338.9173602 83-20181 ISBN 0-87395-868-3 ISBN 0-87395-869-1 (pbk.)
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Page v
For Lisa and for my parents
Page vii
Contents
Acknowledgments
ix
Foreword by Ambassador Hermann Frederick Eilts
xi
Introduction
1
Chapter 1 Farewell to Arms: The United States and Egypt's Search for Military Aid, 19521955
8
Chapter 2 Pacifying Nasser: The United States and the Aswan Dam, October 1955March 1956
36
Chapter 3 Punishing Nasser: The United States and the Aswan Dam, March 1956July 1956
76
Chapter 4 "Decent Interval": Aid Policy in the Twilight Years of the Eisenhower Era
108
Chapter 5 Kennedy's "Great Unseen Weapon": Food Aid and American Policy Toward Egypt, 19611963
121
Chapter 6 Johnson's "Short Leash": Food Aid and American Policy Toward Egypt, 19641967
149
Chapter 7 Sadat's "Peace Dividend"
174
Chapter 8 Retrospect and Prospect
200
Page viii
Appendices
213
Notes
221
Selected Bibliography
263
Index
279
Page ix
Acknowledgments
This work would not have been possible without the kind support of a number of individuals and institutions. I am particularly indebted to the Marshall Scholarship Commission; Wilfrid Knapp, Hedley Bull, and Albert Hourani of Oxford University; Barry Rubin of Georgetown University's Center for Strategic and International Studies; the staff of SUNY Press; and Thomas Carothers of Harvard Law School and Mark Foulon of the Department of State, who provided careful criticism of earlier drafts of this manuscript. I am also deeply grateful to the former policymakers whom I interviewed in the course of my research, especially former Ambassadors Henry Byroade, Raymond Hare, Mustapha Kamel, and Roger Makins. I wish to express special thanks to former Ambassador Hermann Eilts, who graciously offered to write the Foreword for this study.
Page xi
Foreword
Few phenomena in the sphere of foreign relations have these past thirty years evoked as much controversy and commentary as American economic aid to Egypt. In a real sense, providing or withholding such aid has been a weather vane of U.S.-Egyptian relations. Since 1976, American economic aid to Egypt has totalled over 1 billion a year. Egypt, along with Israel, is currently the largest United States economic aid recipient.
By definition, economic aid should be for economic development purposes, but in the case of Egypt various psycho-political aspects have usually been pervasive. These have included an evolving American understanding of economic aid as a foreign policy tool; the applicability of this perception in Egypt at any given time; the Egyptian need for and, as a separate matter, their perception of foreign aid; the role of economic aid in the superpower competition between the United States and the Soviet Union for influence in the Middle East; and endemic structural problems in both the American and Egyptian governments which affect giving or utilizing foreign aid, respectively, in each of the two countries. These constantly interact with one another in kaleidoscopic fashion, producing at different times variant patterns.
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