Black - Enemies and neighbours: Arabs and Jews in Palestine and Israel, 1917-2017

Ian Black

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ENEMIES AND NEIGHBOURS

Arabs and Jews in Palestine and Israel, 19172017

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Allen Lane is part of the Penguin Random House group of companies whose addresses can be found at global.penguinrandomhouse.com

First published 2017

Copyright Ian Black, 2017

The moral right of the author has been asserted

Cover: Cover photograph shows Arab rebel commanders including Arif Abdel-Razzaq and Hamad Zawata at their secret headquarters, Palestine, September 1938 Topfoto

ISBN: 978-0-241-00443-2

. Theodor Herzl in Palestine, 1898. (Copyright Imagno/Getty Images)

. Chaim Weizmann and the Zionist Commission, 1918.

. Palestinian Protest Meeting, 1929.

. Mufti Haj Amin al-Husseini, 1930. (Copyright National Photo Collection of Israel)

. Jaffa Port, 1933. (Copyright Zoltan Kluger/National Photo Collection of Israel)

. Kibbutz Hanita, 1938. (Copyright Zoltan Kluger/National Photo Collection of Israel)

. Jewish settlers and Arab neighbours. (Copyright Zoltan Kluger/National Photo Collection of Israel)

. Funeral procession of Abdul-Qader al-Husseini, 1948. (Copyright National Photo Collection of Israel)

. Israels Declaration of Independence, 1948. (Copyright Zoltan Kluger/National Photo Collection of Israel)

. Palestinian refugees, 1948. (Copyright Bettmann/Getty Images)

. Jewish immigrants in Jaffa, 1949. (Copyright Zoltan Kluger/National Photo Collection of Israel)

. Israeli soldiers pose with souvenir, 1956.

. Moshe Dayan with the Arab Keeper of the Tomb of the Patriarchs in Hebron, 1967. (Copyright Moshe Milner/National Photo Collection of Israel)

. Arabs detained in Nablus, 1969. (Copyright Moshe Milner/National Photo Collection of Israel)

. Yom Kippur War, 1973. (Copyright Ron Frenkel/National Photo Collection of Israel)

. Yasser Arafat addresses the UN General Assembly, 1974. (Copyright Bettmann/Contributor)

. Israeli settlers celebrating, 1975. (Copyright Moshe Milner/National Photo Collection of Israel)

. Funeral of Israelis killed in a terrorist raid, 1980. (Copyright Herman Chanania/National Photo Collection of Israel)

. Ariel Sharon during the invasion of Lebanon, 1982. (Copyright Bettmann/Getty Images)

. Rioting in Nablus, 1988. (Copyright Nati Harnik/National Photo Collection of Israel)

. Palestinians arrested in Hebron, 1990. (Copyright Nathan Alpert/National Photo Collection of Israel)

. Hamas leader Sheikh Yassin on trial in Gaza, 1990. (Copyright Yonathan Torgovnik/National Photo Collection of Israel)

. Funerals of two Palestinian villagers, 1990. (Copyright James Lukoski/Getty Images)

. Yasser Arafat negotiates with Yitzhak Rabin and Hosni Mubarak, 1994. (Copyright Barry Iverson/Alamy)

. Jerusalem bus bombing, 1996. (Copyright Avi Ohayon/National Photo Collection of Israel)

. Ehud Barak with Yasser Arafat at the Erez Checkpoint, 1999. (Copyright Avi Ohayon/National Photo Collection of Israel)

. Ariel Sharon visits the Temple Mount, 2000. (Copyright AWAD AWAD/AFP/Getty Images)

. Tanks in Jenin, 2002. (Copyright National Photo Collection of Israel)

. Marwan Barghouti on trial, 2002. (Copyright Moshe Milner/National Photo Collection of Israel)

. Palestinians detained in Jenin, 2002. (Copyright National Photo Collection of Israel)

. Hamas take control of Gaza, 2007. (Copyright Hatem Moussa/AP Photos)

. Olmert, Abbas and Bush in Annapolis, 2007. (Copyright Avi Ohayon/National Photo Collection of Israel)

. West Bank separation barrier, 2010. (Copyright Rostislav Glinsky/123RF)

. Israeli soldiers at Qalandiya, 2012. (Copyright Ryan Rodrick Beiler/Alamy)

. Destruction in Gaza, 2015. (Copyright Thomas Coex/AFP/Getty Images)

. Palestinians throw shoes at a poster of Trump, 2017. (Copyright Mussa Qawasma/Reuters)

. The Ottoman Empire, 18781914

. The Middle East after World War 1

. UN Partition Plan, 1947, and UN Armistice Line, 1949

. Israel and the occupied territories

. Greater Jerusalem and the old city

. Israel and the West Bank separation wall, 2016

The terminology used in this book generally reflects contemporary usage. In Ottoman times it was common to refer in Arabic, Hebrew and English to Muslims, Christians and Jews, reflecting the primary identity of the communities living under the imperial millet system of religious autonomy. The term Arab became more widely used in Palestine and beyond in the first years of the twentieth century. The word Zionist first appeared in the late nineteenth century but only became common currency during the British Mandate era. Before 1948 the term Palestinian was far less widely employed than it is today and it made no distinction between Arabs and Jews. In those days people didnt use the word Palestinian so much, as the economist Yusif Sayigh explained. There were many things that were called Palestinian, but official names usually had the word Arab for instance al-Haya al-Arabiya al-Ulya, the Arab Higher Committee, not the Palestinian Higher Committee. Because the Jews were Palestinian too. The countrys leading English-language newspaper was the (Zionist) Palestine Post, founded in 1932. (It was renamed the Jerusalem Post when Palestine ceased to exist.) Its leading Zionist institution was named The Jewish Agency for Palestine but in Hebrew the country was always referred to as Eretz-Yisrael. The use of the words Israel and Israelis followed the creation of the state in 1948, but the word Jews (Yahud) continued to be commonly used, especially in colloquial Arabic. The refugees who were driven out, fled and dispersed in the Nakba (catastrophe) were widely referred to as Arabs in the 1950s and 1960s. In English the term Palestine Arabs was common. Usage changed gradually after the creation of the Palestine Liberation Organization in 1964, while Arab recognition of the PLO as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people in 1974 reinforced that trend. Israels post-1948 Arab minority were usually described in Hebrew as Israeli Arabs, though this term was later rejected by many in favour of the modern phrase Palestinian Israelis in line with the growing salience of a Palestinian national identity. The Palestinian National Authority was set up after the Oslo agreement in 1993. By the 2000s even right-wing Israelis referred routinely to Palestinians, which was not the case twenty years earlier. Arabic-language Palestinian media in the West Bank and Gaza Strip nowadays often describe Israel simply as