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Jasani Bhupendra - Remote Sensing from Space: Supporting International Peace and Security

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Jasani Bhupendra Remote Sensing from Space: Supporting International Peace and Security

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Security, Crises and the Role of Earth Observation -- Definitions, Concepts and Geospatial Dimensions of Security -- European Security Policy and Earth Observation -- Satellite Based Information to Support European Crisis Response -- The Contribution of GMOSS in the Context of GMES and Security -- The Security Dimension of GMES -- A Novel Approach to Capacity Building for Security Applications -- Games and Scenarios in the Context of GMOSS -- GMOSS: Infrastructure and Standards -- Image Processing Tools for Security Applications -- Feature Recognition Techniques -- Change Detection Tools -- Data Integration and Visualization for Crisis Applications -- UNOSAT Grid -- Security Applications -- Treaty Monitoring -- Early Warnings and Alerts -- Can Earth Observation Help to Improve Information on Population? -- From Real Time Border Monitoring to a Permeability Model -- Rapid Mapping and Damage Assessment.;This volume provides the reader with an overview of the state-of-the-art Earth Observation (EO) related research that deals with national and international security. An interdisciplinary approach was adopted in this book in order to provide the reader with a broad understanding on the uses of remote sensing technologies. The book therefore comprises management aspects (issues and priorities of security research, crisis response), applied methodologies and process chains (treaty monitoring, estimation of population densities and characteristics, border permeability models, damage assessment) and the latest developments in generic tools (feature recognition, change detection and visualization). Moreover, issues of data sharing and standards, as well as new approaches to training security relevant techniques, are addressed. The contributing authors are leading researchers and experts from private companies, national research institutions and international organizations, all of whom were brought together under the aegis of the European research project GMOSS (Global Monitoring for Security and Stability). This book is tailored for the scientific community that deals with the application of EO data, as well as project managers and decision makers working in the field of security having an interest in technical solutions. The integrative use of many figures and sample images are ideal in enabling the non-technical reader to grasp quickly the modern technologies that are being researched in the area of civil security.

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Part 1
Security, Crises and the Role of Earth Observation
Bhupendra Jasani , Martino Pesaresi , Stefan Schneiderbauer and Gunter Zeug (eds.) Remote Sensing from Space Supporting International Peace and Security 10.1007/978-1-4020-8484-3_1 Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2009
1. Definitions, Concepts and Geospatial Dimensions of Security
Clementine Burnley 1 , Nathalie Stephenne 1, Dirk Buda 1 and Daniele Ehrlich 1
(1)
European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen, TP 267, Via Fermi 2749, I-21027 Ispra, VA, Italy
Clementine Burnley
Email:
Abstract
Several EU policy papers on security research have called for improved dialogue between security policymakers, social science researchers and science and technology researchers working in the area of security. In this paper, geospatial concepts and geospatial technology are introduced into this dialogue in order to improve the efficacy of communication. The explanatory power of these concepts has already been described theoretically. Their quantitative application using GIS and spatial statistical techniques poses challenges. Several technical issues still have to be addressed through a three-way dialogue in order to assist in monitoring European security policy. Generally, increases in the scientific knowledge base and in technology, are seen as enhancing state capabilities and political coordination
Keywords
Security concepts security policy geospatial concepts
1.1 Introduction
Several important policy papers on security research have called for an improvement in dialogue between security policymakers, social science researchers and science and technology researchers working in the area of security. This three-way dialogue is envisaged to enable timely research responses to global security challenges, which in themselves lead to the modification of security research policy. Within such a dialogue, the geospatial concepts have to be translated into technologies to address policy makers' needs and to test scenarios of political changes (Fig. ). The geopolitical component of security policies addressed by technological tools is introduced in order to improve the efficiency of the communication.
Fig 11 Bringing geospatial concepts into the flow of spatial information - photo 1
Fig. 1.1
Bringing geospatial concepts into the flow of spatial information between technologies and policies in order to improve the collaborative responses to global threats from the scientific and policy communities
One important task of this paper is to reconcile the demand for information from socio-political analysts with that supplied by geospatial technology including earth observation. The process can be handled by a workflow between socio-political analysts and earth observation experts (Fig. ). This paper attempts to link these two communities by proposing definitions of security and the application of these definitions to spatial tools.
Fig 12 Workflow between technological and socio-political work packages - photo 2
Fig. 1.2
Workflow between technological and socio-political work packages within GMOSS
Section considers the use of technologies like earth observation, navigation and geographical information systems (GIS) in the context of the different security definitions, drawing on specific examples of both research and operational products. We pay particular attention to newly developing capabilities of remote sensing research to analyse and address the geospatial component in security problems.
1.2 Security Definitions
A wide body of literature has developed around the concept of security. It has commonly been defined in relative terms, by reference to an object at risk, threats to that object and measures which may be taken to safeguard the object. Therefore, security definitions, are context-dependent and non-absolute; denoting several, shifting and disputed understandings of risk, threats, objects at risk and safeguard measures (Booth ). Security strategists usually define and prioritise threats on the basis of analyses from the scientific, security research and intelligence communities. The challenge for all involved is also to analyse associated probabilities and design preventive or mitigating strategies.
1.2.1 Theoretical Frameworks for Security Concepts
The two main schools of thought in international relations, realism, later followed by neorealism, and critical security studies, can be distinguished by the weight given to states, groups and individuals as both actors and objects at risk, and the importance placed on cooperation within the international system (Table ).
Table 1.1
Multilevel concepts of security (Buzan et al. )
Whose security
Individual
Group/
State
International System
Planet
Which security
Economic
Political
Military
Social
Environmental
Whose responsibility
Regional Government
INGO's
States
Local Government
NGO's/Civil society
1.2.2 Realist Definition: State Security
After World War II, security concepts were framed by the Cold War. The object at risk was automatically the state, which was the primary international actor. In an anarchic international environment the exclusive and primary responsibility of the state was the protection by military means of state borders, territory and citizens. The main threat to states was interstate conflict, thought to be inevitable given the essentially selfish, aggressive human nature (Hobbes ).
1.2.3 Changes in Definition: Human Security
The Post-Cold War era has witnessed a shift in focus from the security of the state, conceived in terms of power, autonomy, territorial integrity and sovereignty to one which relies on the concepts of universal, indivisible, interdependent human rights, recognised and protected by international law enforced by states and international institutions. In particular, threat definitions have expanded from immediate threats to state power, borders and territory requiring military responses, to longer term, indirect threats requiring international political cooperation. The nuclear stalemate, the increasing weight of shared threats to states and to the global environment, as well as the increased focus on people and their needs have led to a shift towards conceptualisation of security as multiscale, inter-dependent and requiring a multilevel response not only by states, but by international institutions like the United Nations (UN) and regional organisations like the EU, North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) and Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE).
The UN definition of human security is a rights-based definition, addressing the wellbeing of people at multiple levels of analysis from the individual, the community, the state, the region, or the entire global ecosystem (UNDP ). This human security definition takes into account the causes of fears and conflicts and focuses on the reality of individuals' actual situations rather than on state security. Human security is seen as complementary, but not identical to state security.
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