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1984 by the University of Alaska Press All rights reserved. First printing. International Standard Book Number: 0-912006-07-2 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 83-51414 Printed in the United States of America
Poetry excerpts from The Complete Poems of Robert Service, Dodd, Mead and Company, New York, 1942; reprinted by permission of Dodd, Mead and Company.
Prepared with financial assistance from State of Alaska Department of Commerce and Economic Development, Office of Energy.
Publication coordination, design and production by the staff of The Northern Engineer, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Lithographers: Thomson-Shore, Inc., Michigan
Page iii
To KEITH B. MATHER whose scholarly work and understanding of the needs of science and its value to society have contributed to progress in many fields and to the personal growth of numerous students and scholars, in Alaska and elsewhere.
Page v
Contents
Preface
vii
Acknowledgments
ix
1 Alaskans as Users of Energy
3
2 Energy Fundamentals
25
3 Wood
37
4 Biomass and Peat
89
5 Coal
123
6 Petroleum
167
7 Solar Energy
231
8 Wind
257
9 Hydropower
307
10 Geothermal Energy
395
11 Nuclear Energy
441
12 Alaska's Energy Future
461
Appendix: Units/Conversions
491
Index
503
Page vii
Preface
Energy, like food, clothing and housing, is a necessity of life. The way we use energy is the way we live. We hoard it if it is in short supply, and we waste it when there is plenty. During the last fifty years, Americans have come to equate high energy consumption with good living. Only within the last decade or so has there been a dawning of the idea that better living might be possible with less energy consumption.
For the most part, that idea was born of necessity. It came from the increasing cost of energy that developed during the 1970s and an awareness that someday perhaps soon there might not be enough fossil energy to go around. The reality of rising energy costs and an uncertain future for energy supply hit the United States very hard: the country had been an energy exporter for over a half-century; it was used to having plenty of energy and the wealth and influence which accrues to an energy-exporting nation. Perhaps the United States would never again have the wealth and power it had enjoyed for nearly a century.
Just at the time of this transition, Alaska was undergoing a transition in the opposite direction. By virtue of having the largest single petroleum deposit discovered in North America, Alaska was changing from being a ward of the federal government to becoming an energy exporter able to contribute to the energy needs of the nation. Gold and fish used to be the bywords in Alaska, but now it is oil.
The decline of American petroleum reserves and the discovery of the Prudhoe Bay field in Alaska have fostered renewed interest in Alaska's natural resources, particularly the energy resources. As a result, much new knowledge has developed about Alaska's energy resources during the past decade. Much of the knowledge is so new that it resides only in the minds of the people who developed the knowledge and in limited-circulation reports and documents they have written. Consequently, without being a specialist in energy-related activities, one is hard pressed to know what information is available or how to find it.
Page viii
This book is an attempt to bring together in one place a summary of what is known about the energy resources of Alaska in a form that is informative to anyone but is also of value to those who are knowledgeable about one or more fields of energy-related endeavors. Although the book contains reference lists at the end of each chapter to assist those wishing to delve more deeply, I have attempted to make the discussions self-contained so that a reader need not turn to the referenced works to develop an understanding of each energy resource in Alaska.
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