ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS
EDITED BY
DANIEL SIMBERLOFF
University of Tennessee, Knoxville
MARCEL REJMNEK
University of California, Davis
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS
Berkeley Los Angeles London
University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu.
Encyclopedias of the Natural World, No. 3
University of California Press
Berkeley and Los Angeles, California
University of California Press, Ltd.
London, England
2011 by the Regents of the University of California
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Encyclopedia of biological invasions / edited by Daniel Simberloff and
Marcel Rejmnek.
p. cm.(Encyclopedias of the natural world ; 3)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-520-26421-2 (cloth)
1. Introduced organismsEncyclopedias. I. Simberloff, Daniel. II.
Rejmnek, Marcel.
QH353.E53 2011
578.6'2--dc22dc21 2010010391
Manufactured in China.
19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of
ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (R1997) (Permanence of Paper).
Cover photograph: Large, pink masses of eggs laid by golden apple snails, courtesy N.O.L. Carlsson. Insets, from left: Pheidole megacephala tending aphids, courtesy Alex Wild; European starling, courtesy Michelle St. Sauveur, Coventry, Rhode Island; oral disc of a parasitic-phase sea lamprey, courtesy Ted Lawrence, Great Lakes Fishery Commission; flowering tropical weed Turnera subulata, courtesy Spencer C.H. Barrett.
Title page photo: An observer dwarfed by an overgrowth of giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) invading the Slavkovsky les Protected Landscape Area, Czech Republic, Central Europe. Introduced to Europe from the Caucasus, invasive giant hogweed can grow to over four meters in height. Its phototoxic sap blisters human skin and can cause serious scarring. Photograph by Petr Pysek. From Ecology and Management of Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum), edited by P. Pysek, M. J. W. Cock, H. P. Ravn, and W. Nentwig (2007, CAB International, Wallingford, UK).
CONTENTS BY SUBJECT AREA
INVADER ATTRIBUTES
Allelopathy
Apomixis
Demography
Dispersal Ability, Animal
Dispersal Ability, Plant
Genotypes, Invasive
Geographic Origins and Introduction Dynamics
Invasiveness
Life History Strategies
Mutualism
Native Invaders
Novel Weapons Hypothesis
Reproductive Systems, Plant
Seed Ecology
Taxonomic Patterns
Tolerance Limits, Animal
Tolerance Limits, Plant
Vegetative Propagation
ECOSYSTEM FEATURES
Belowground Phenomena
Disturbance
Eutrophication, Aquatic
Habitat Compatibility
Invasibility, of Communities and Ecosystems
Islands
Lakes
Nitrogen Enrichment
Protected Areas
Rivers
Seas and Oceans
Succession
Wetlands
PROCESSES
Climate Change
Enemy Release Hypothesis
Epidemiology and Dispersal
Evolutionary Response, of Natives to Invaders
Evolution of Invasive Populations
Fire Regimes
Hybridization and Introgression
Invasional Meltdown
Lag Times
Land Use
Propagule Pressure
Range Modeling
Succession
IMPACTS
Allelopathy
Competition, Animal
Competition, Plant
Endangered and Threatened Species
Fire Regimes
Herbivory
Hybridization and Introgression
Hydrology
Invasion Economics
Landscape Patterns of Plant Invasions
Native Invaders
Novel Weapons Hypothesis
Pollination
Transformers
Weeds
NOTABLE TAXA
Algae
Ants
Bees
Birds
Brown Treesnake
Bryophytes and Lichens
Burmese Python and Other Giant Constrictors
Carnivores
Carp, Common
Cheatgrass
Crabs
Crayfish
Crustaceans (Other)
Disease Vectors, Human
Earthworms
Eucalypts
Fishes
Flaviviruses
Forest Insects
Freshwater Plants and Seaweeds
Fungi
Grasses and Forbs
Grazers
Gypsy Moth
Hemlock Woolly Adelgid
Influenza
Invertebrates, Marine
Kudzu
Ladybugs
Lantana camara
Malaria Vectors
Mammals, Aquatic
Melastomes
Mosquitoes
Mycorrhizae
Nile Perch
Parasites, of Animals
Parasitic Plants
Pathogens, Animal
Pathogens, Human
Pathogens, Plant
Phytophthora
Predators
Rats
Reptiles and Amphibians
Rinderpest
Rodents (Other)
Sea Lamprey
Small Indian Mongoose
Snails and Slugs
Trees and Shrubs
Vines and Lianas
Wasps
Water Hyacinth
Zebra Mussel
PATHWAYS TO INVASION
Acclimatization Societies
Agriculture
Aquaculture
Aquaria
Ballast
Canals
Forestry and Agroforestry
Game Animals
Horticulture
Ostriculture
Pet Trade
MANAGEMENT AND REGULATION
Agreements, International
Biological Control, of Animals
Biological Control, of Plants
Black, White, and Gray Lists
CART and Related Methods
Databases
Early Detection and Rapid Response
Ecoterrorism and Biosecurity
Eradication
Herbicides
Integrated Pest Management
Laws, Federal and State
Mechanical Control
Pesticides (Fish and Mollusc)
Pesticides for Insect Eradication
Pesticides (Mammal)
Range Modeling
Regulation (U.S.)
Remote Sensing
Restoration
Risk Assessment and Prioritization
HISTORY
DAISIE Project
Darwin, Charles
Elton, Charles S.
Invasion Biology
Invasion Biology: Historical Precedents
SCOPE Project
Xenophobia
NOTABLE INVASIONS
Australia: Invasions
Great Lakes: Invasions
Hawaiian Islands: Invasions
Mediterranean Sea: Invasions
New Zealand: Invasions
Ponto-Caspian: Invasions
South Africa: Invasions
CONTRIBUTORS
CHRISTOPHER B. ANDERSON
University of Magallanes
Punta Arenas, Chile
Mammals, Aquatic
LARS W. J. ANDERSON
USDA-Agricultural Research Service
Davis, California
Freshwater Plants and Seaweeds
GREGORY P. ASNER
Carnegie Institution for Science
Stanford, California
Remote Sensing
PRZEMYSLAW BAJER
University of Minnesota, St. Paul
Carp, Common
SPENCER C. H. BARRETT
University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Reproductive Systems, Plant
DEVIN M. BARTLEY
California Department of Fish and Game, sacramento