Mansel - Alexandria (Egypt);Beirut (Lebanon);Egypt;Alexandria;İzmir (Turkey);Lebanon;Beirut;Mediterranean

I am grateful to all those who have helped with the research and writing of this book, particularly the staff of the British Library, the Centre dEtudes Alexandrines, ELIA, the Institut Franais dEtudes Anatoliennes, the Istanbul Library, the Ko Library and the London Library. For their time and patience in answering questions, I am especially grateful to Bassem Abdallah, Aouni Abdulrahim, Guy Abela, Sally Ads, Tom Ads, Princess Catherine Aga Khan, Oner Akgerman, Daphne Aliberti, Enrico Aliotti, Engin Ardi, Paul Auchterlonie, Mohammed Awad, Josiane Ayoub, Alex Baltazzi, Mona Bassili, Nayla Bassili, Alex Benaki, Micky Benaki, Andrew Board, Jo Boulad, Hilary Bowker, Toby Buchan, Willy Buttigieg, Ipek alislar, John Carswell, Jean Chammas, Jean Charaf, Peter Clark, Colin Clement, Francesco Colucci, Jean Choremi, Marc and Hala Cochrane, Paddy Cochrane, Yvonne Cochrane, Antoine Courban, Leslie Croxford, Medhat Dakakni, Robert Debbas, Zeki Dogan, Marcos Dragoumis, Jean-Yves Empereur, Craig Encer, Madeleine Enright, Baar Eryoner, Richard Fattorini, Caroline Finkel, Derek Flower, Kadriya Foda, Eleni Frangakis-Syrett, Malte Fuhrmann, Reggie Gallia, Marcos Galounis, Brian Giraud, Gwynneth Giraud, Dominique Gogny, Solomon Green, Michael Haag, Ahmad Hamade, Sahar Hamouda, Rita Hani, Will Hanley, Azza Heikal, Cecil Hourani, Ahmad Husseini, Dwan and Nur Kaoukgi, M. and Mme Max Karkagi, Vangelis Kechriotis, Tarif Khalidi, Fayza al-Khazen, Paschalis Kitromilides, Omer Koc, Mr and Mrs Kostas Konstantinidis, Daphne Krambs, Germaine Labarthe, George and Natasha Lemos, Andre Levy, Giovanni Licciardello, Sam Lock, Christopher Long, Peter Mackridge, Charles Manoli, Basil Marcou, Sophia Mooney, Metin Munir, Hoda el-Naggar, Leila Naguib, Fouad Nahas, John and Denise Nahman, Tony Naufal, Fernande Nissaire, Anke and Lienke van Nugteren, Osman Vassib Osmanoglou, Bahattin Oztuncay, Guy Pagy, Themis Papadopoulo, Jacques Perot, Nicholas Philippakis, Rear Admiral S. A. Rashidy, Samir Rebees, John Rodenbeck, Jackie Rolo, Prince Nicholas Romanov, Alan de Lacy Rush, Lucette de Saab, Ibrahim and Marie-Hlne Saad, Mahmud Sabit, Evangelos Sahperoglou, Dyala Salam, Robert Saliba, Giovanni Salmeri, Antony Santilli, Ferdinand Scherzer, John Scott, Cecile Shaalan, Hanan al-Shaykh, Albert Simes, Rodney Simes, Kostas Stamatopoulos, John Stefanidis, Norman Stone, Mme Tawil, Martin Taylor, Paolo Terni, Rev. Leighton Thomas, Professor Zafer Toprak, Princess Nesrine Toussoun, Molly Tuby, Pelin Uysal, Yolande Whittall, Charles Wilkinson, Antony Wynn, Emir Yaner, Alex Zannas, Virginia Zervudachi. Particular thanks to Juliet Brightmore for her help with illustrations, and to Edward Chaney, Roger Hudson, Caroline Knox, Charles Manoli, Metin Munir and Roland Philipps for advice on the manuscript. Deepest thanks to Douglas Matthews for his index and to Caro Westmore for her work on the typescript.

Quotations from the translations of C. P. Cavafys poems by Edmund Kelly and Philip Sherrard are made by kind permission of Princeton University Press. Every reasonable effort has been made to trace copyright holders, but if there are any errors or omissions, the publisher will be pleased to insert the appropriate acknowledgement in any subsequent printings or editions.

BGA: Brian Giraud Archives, Izmir: diary of Hortense Woods, June 1922-May 1923

BL: British Library Add. MSS 38591, J. O. Hanson, Recollections of Smyrna and Greece 1813

CEA: Centre dEtudes Alexandrines, Alexandria: diary of Mary de Zogheb

DA: Debbas Archives, Beirut: journal of Madame de Perthuis 185461; Autobiographie de Dimitri Youssef Debbas

ELIA (Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive), Athens: Cavafy Archive (consulted online at http://www.elia.org.gr )

EUSC: Exeter University, Special Collections: Barker and Whittall family papers

George Hawthorn journal (sold by Sothebys, 18 May 2004)

John Cam Hobhouse, diary of 1810, at http://www.hobby-o.com

R. Lang of the Ottoman Bank, unpublished memoirs (n.d.)

MEC: Middle East Centre, St Antonys College, Oxford: diary of Andrew Ryan, 1895; Sir Richard Vaux, Egyptian and other episodes, personal, political and legal (1941)

National Archives, London, documents FO 195/1306 and FO 371/7917

SA: Sursock Archives, Beirut: papers of Alfred Sursock

Auchterlonie, Paul, A British family in the Middle East: the Barkers of Smyrna, Aleppo and Alexandria (c.2009)

Ayoub, Christian, Le franais comme langue au moyen orient (Montreal, 1971)

Kechriotis, Vangelis, Allons, enfants de la ville! National celebrations and political mobilisation and urban space in Izmir at the turn of the 20th century (c.2008)

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Nugteren, Anke van, and Nugteren, Lienke van, The Belgian language question (typescript, Brussels, 2009)

Sabit, Adel, Life in Alexandria in the 1940s (Cairo, c.2000)

Salmeri, Giovanni, The contribution of Greeks to the local historiography of Smyrna (2006)

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Adonis, The Desert: The Diary of Beirut under Siege (1982)

Ahmad, Feroz, From Empire to Republic: Essays on the Late Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, 2 vols. (Istanbul, 2008)

Ahmed, Leila, Border Passage (1999)

Akarli, Engin, The Long Peace: Ottoman Lebanon 18611920 (Berkeley, 1993)

Aksan, Virginia, Ottoman Wars 17001800: An Empire Besieged (2007)

_____ and Goffman, Daniel, eds., The Early Modern Ottomans: Remapping the State (Cambridge, 2007)

Aktar, Ayhan, Turkifying the economy, in Rene Hirschon, ed., Crossing the Aegean (Oxford, 2004)

Alameddine, Rabih, Koolaids (1999 edn)

Alcalay, Amiel, After Jews and Arabs: Remaking Levantine Culture (Minneapolis, 1993)

Alhadeff, Gina, The Sun at Midday (New York, 1997)

Ali Vasib Efendi, Bir Sehzadenin Hatirati (Istanbul, 2004)

Alsayad, Nezar, Cities and Caliphs: On the Genesis of Arab Muslim Urbanism (1991)

Altay, Fahrettin, 10 Yil Savas Ve Sonrasi 19121922 (Istanbul, 1970)

Anderson, Sonia, The Anglo-Dutch Smyrna fleet of 1693, in A. Hamilton et al., eds., Friends and Rivals in the East: Studies in Anglo-Dutch Relations in the Levant from the Seventeenth to the Early Nineteenth Century (Leiden, 2000)

_____ An English Consul in Turkey: Paul Rycaut at Smyrna 16671678 (Oxford, 2001 edn)

Andrew, of Greece, HRH Prince, Towards Disaster: The Greek Army in Asia Minor in 1921 (1930)

Andrews, Walter G., and Kalpakli, Mehmet, The Age of Beloveds: Love and the Beloved in Early Modern Ottoman and European Culture and Society (2005)

Annuaire oriental (Constantinople, 1922)

Antonius, George, The Arab Awakening (1938)

Armagnac, Baron d, Nezib et Beyrout: souvenirs dOrient de 1833 1841 (1844)

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al-Askari, Jafar, A Soldiers Story: From Ottoman Rule to Independent Iraq