This history of national-security legal policymaking in the Obama administration is primarily based on my interviews with more than 150 current and former government officials, many of whom I spoke with on multiple occasions. Where possible, I cite these officials by name. Most of them agreed to speak with me on background rules, meaning that I would not identify them as sources of particular information. I sought to corroborate accounts by cross-referencing their memories and claims with multiple witnesses.
Finally, this book contains dialogue from private conversations and meetings. I use italicized text to signal remarks that have been reconstructed, from memories or notes, in approximate form. This practice extends to reconstructed dialogue I have drawn from former officials memoirs, witnesses testimony about previous events, and other journalists work.
Keith AlexanderNational Security Agency director, 20052014
James BakerJustice Department intelligence counsel, 20012007; associate deputy attorney general, 20092011; Federal Bureau of Investigation general counsel, 2014
David BarronJustice Department Office of Legal Counsel acting assistant attorney general, 20092010
Robert BauerWhite House counsel, 20102011
Preet BhararaUnited States attorney for the Southern District of New York, 2009
Joe Bidenvice president, 2009
Dennis Blairdirector of National Intelligence, 20092010
John BrennanWhite House counterterrorism adviser, 20092013; Central Intelligence Agency director, 2013
Lanny BreuerJustice Department Criminal Division assistant attorney general, 20092013
Valerie CaproniFederal Bureau of Investigation general counsel, 20032011
John CarlinJustice Department National Security Division assistant attorney general, 2013
Ashton Cartersecretary of defense, 2015
James Clapperundersecretary of defense for intelligence, 20062010; director of National Intelligence, 2010
Hillary Clintonsecretary of state, 20092013
James Coledeputy attorney general, 20112015
James ComeyFederal Bureau of Investigation director, 2013
Gregory CraigWhite House counsel, 2009
James CrawfordJoint Chiefs of Staff legal counsel, 20072011
Rajesh DeNational Security Agency general counsel, 20122015
Martin Dempseychairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 20112015
Mary DeRosaNational Security Council legal adviser, 20092011
Thomas DonilonWhite House deputy national security adviser, 20092010; national security adviser, 20102013
Brian EganNational Security Council legal adviser, 2013
Neil EgglestonWhite House counsel, 2014
Daniel FriedState Department envoy for Guantnamo closure, 20092013
Robert Gatessecretary of defense, 20062011
Glenn GerstellNational Security Agency general counsel, 2015
Richard GrossJoint Chiefs of Staff legal counsel, 2011
Chuck Hagelsecretary of defense, 20132015
Avril HainesNational Security Council legal adviser, 20112013; Central Intelligence Agency deputy director, 20132015; deputy national security adviser, 2015
Todd HinnenJustice Department National Security Division deputy assistant attorney general (and sometimes acting head), 20092011
Eric Holderattorney general, 20092015
Jeh JohnsonDepartment of Defense general counsel, 20092012; Homeland Security secretary, 2013
James JonesWhite House national security adviser, 20092010
Nathaniel JonesJustice Department National Security Division counsel to the assistant attorney general, 2009; National Security Council director for counterterrorism, 20092012
Elena Kagansolicitor general, 20092010
Neal Katyalprincipal deputy solicitor general (and sometimes acting head), 20092011
John Kerrysecretary of state, 2013
Edwin Kneedlerdeputy solicitor general, 1993
Harold KohState Department legal adviser, 20092013
Caroline KrassNational Security Council deputy legal counsel, 20092010; Justice Department Office of Legal Counsel principal deputy assistant attorney general (and sometimes acting head), 20112014; Central Intelligence Agency general counsel, 2014