Acknowledgements
I would like to express my gratitude to representatives of a number of organisations and to several individuals who assisted me during a three-year period of research for this book. Staff at the various libraries I visited in Northern Ireland and Great Britain were courteous and helpful. In Belfast, I found the Northern Ireland Political Collection (pre-1960 section) at the Linen Hall Library invaluable and would like to thank staff there for their support (especially John Killen for his advice on the political cartoons of this period). Further help was given at the Belfast Central Library (particularly its newspaper section) and at the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland.
In England, I visited the Imperial War Museum (where Sir Henry Wilsons papers are housed), the House of Lords Record Office (where I consulted the Bonar Law and Willoughby de Broke papers), the British Newspaper Library at Colindale in London and the Bodleian Library in Oxford (where I gained access to the Milner papers). Funding for my travel and accommodation was provided by Northern Irelands Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure, and I would like to give thanks to Nelson McCausland and Paul Sweeney for their assistance. Additional funding for my travel in England and for the purchase of reproduction rights for most of the images in this book was provided by the Taoiseachs Office in Dublin, and I would like to thank John Kennedy and Eimear Healy for their help. Thanks also must go to Ray Mullan and his colleagues from the Northern Ireland Community Relations Council for their promotion of this book (through the Decade of Anniversaries lecture series) and for financial assistance provided to aid publication. PRONI were especially helpful, granting me access to important textual material and illustrations (especially from the Ulster Unionist Council archives) and providing advice on copyright and reproduction of several of these. I would like to acknowledge the help of Aileen McLintock, David Huddleston, Stephen Scarth and Ian Montgomery and I am grateful to the deputy keeper of records and the various depositors for allowing me to quote from some of these sources.
The bulk of the illustrations in this book are photographs from the Belfast Telegraphs archives and I am obliged to that paper for facilitating their reproduction here (especially to Paul Carson, the Telegraphs ever-helpful librarian). Two further illustrations have been used and I would like to thank Punch magazine for forwarding these cartoons and for granting me permission to reproduce them.
I have also received assistance and support from many individuals. Academics who have helped me include Professor D.G. Boyce, Professor Graham Walker and Dr amon Phoenix. amon has been particularly generous with his time and effort. I would like to thank Fintan Mullan, William Roulston, and Tim Smyth of the Ulster Historical Foundation; the designer Wendy Dunbar of Dunbar Design; and the copyeditor Alicia McAuley, for their professionalism during the editing and design stage of this work.
Finally, I would like to express my thanks to my family for their moral and practical support over the last three years. This book is dedicated to Janet, Nick, Katherine and Tom.
APPENDIX 1
Chronology
1910 | 28 January | Herbert Asquith and Liberals win election |
21 February | Sir Edward Carson elected as IUP leader |
6 May | George V accedes to throne |
3 December | Asquith wins second election but is still dependent on Irish Nationalist Party support |
1911 | 23 January | UWUC founded in Belfast |
18 August | Parliament Act passed, restricting powers of House of Lords |
23 September | Large anti-Home Rule demonstration takes place at Craigavon in east Belfast |
13 November | Andrew Bonar Law appointed leader of Conservative Party |
1912 | 8 February | Winston Churchill attacked before addressing a Home Rule meeting in west Belfast |
9 April | Bonar Law and Edward Carson address loyalists at Balmoral in south Belfast |
11 April | Third Home Rule Bill introduced in House of Commons |
11 June | Liberal MP Thomas Agar-Robartes introduces amendment proposing exclusion of four Ulster counties |
29 June | Sunday-school party attacked by AOH in Castledawson |
2 July | Start of industrial expulsions in Belfast |
27 July | Large demonstration in support of Ulster at Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire |
14 September | Riot involving Protestant and Catholic football supporters in west Belfast |
17 September | Ulsters Solemn League and Covenant campaign begins |
28 September | Ulsters Solemn League and Covenant is signed (major ceremony in Belfast) |
29 September | Major meetings in support of Ulster take place in Liverpool |
1 October | Major meetings in support of Ulster take place in Glasgow |
1913 | 1 January | Carson introduces Ulster exclusion amendment |
16 January | Third Home Rule Bill passes first reading in House of Commons (367257) |
30 January | Third Home Rule Bill defeated in House of Lords (32669) |
31 January | Formation of UVF announced |
June | Irish unionists speaking tour of Great Britain takes place |
7 July | House of Commons passes Third Home Rule Bill for second time (352243) |
15 July | House of Lords rejects Third Home Rule Bill for second time (30264) |
11 September | Lord Loreburns compromise letter appears in The Times |
24 September | UUC approve plans for provisional government |
14 October | Bonar Law and Asquith begin secret meetings |
16 December | Edward Carson secretly meets Asquith in Surrey |
1914 | 4 March | Formation of British Covenant movement announced |
2025 March | Mutiny involving British Army officers at the Curragh |
4 April | Pro-Ulster demonstration takes place in Londons Hyde Park |
245 April | UVF gun-running along Antrim and Down coasts |
25 May | House of Commons passes Third Home Rule Bill for third time |
10 July | First business meeting of Ulsters provisional government takes place |
214 July | Buckingham Palace conference on Ireland involving political leaders and King George V takes place |
4 August | United Kingdom declares war on Germany August Thirty-Sixth Ulster Division established |
15 September | Suspending Act delays implementation of Home Rule for one year or duration of war |
1915 | 8 May | Thirty-Sixth Ulster Division leaves Ulster for final training in southern England |
30 September | Thirty-Sixth Ulster Division leaves for France |
1916 | 24 April | Easter Rising begins in Dublin |
1 July | Thirty-Sixth Ulster Division go over the top at the Somme |
1920 | 21 | July Sectarian conflict erupts in Belfasts industrial centres |
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