Mark Costanzo - Forensic and Legal Psychology

Vice President, Social Sciences and High School: Charles Linsmeier

Director of Content and Assessment, Social Sciences: Shani Fisher

Senior Associate Editor: Sarah Berger

Developmental Editor: Len Neufeld

Assistant Editor: Melissa Rostek

Senior Marketing Manager: Lindsay Johnson

Marketing Assistant: Morgan Ratner

Director of Media Editorial, Social Sciences: Noel Hohnstine

Assistant Media Editor: Nik Toner

Director, Content Management Enhancement: Tracey Kuehn

Managing Editor: Lisa Kinne

Project Managers: Edward Dionne and Ronald Dsouza, MPS Limited

Media Project Manager: Joseph Tomasso

Senior Workflow Supervisor: Susan Wein

Senior Photo Editor: Robin Fadool

Photo Researcher: Krystyna Borgen

Director of Design, Content Management: Diana Blume

Senior Design Manager: Vicki Tomaselli

Art Manager: Matthew McAdams

Composition: MPS Limited

Interior Designer: Kevin Kall

Cover Designer: Vicki Tomaselli

Printing and Binding: LSC Communications

Cover Photos: Front: Justice statue Credit: ER_09/Shutterstock. Back: Justice, Martin Luther King Jr. Federal Courthouse, Newark, NJ, 1994. Credit: Diana Moore, Justice 1994 Martin Luther King Jr. United States Federal Courthouse, Newark, NJ. Commissioned through the Art and Architecture Program, Fine Arts Collection, U.S. General Services Administration. Photo credit: Blake Logan.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017946393

ISBN-13: 978-1-319-06031-2

ISBN-10: 1-319-06031-5

Copyright 2018, 2015, 2012 Worth Publishers

All rights reserved

Printed in the United States of America

First printing

Worth Publishers

One New York Plaza

Suite 4500

New York, NY 10004-1562

www.macmillanlearning.com

For Frances Costanzo, the kindest, most
perceptive person Ive ever known.

M.C.

To Herbert H. Krauss (19402016), who taught me
how to be a psychologist and a father.

D.K.

Mark Costanzo received his PhD in applied social psychology from the University of California at Santa Cruz. He is a professor of psychology at Claremont McKenna College and a member of the plenary faculty at Claremont Graduate University. He has published research on a variety of law-related topics, including police interrogations, false confessions, jury decision making, sexual harassment, attorney argumentation, alternative dispute resolution, and the death penalty. Professor Costanzo is author of the books Just Revenge: Costs and Consequences of the Death Penalty and Psychology Applied to Law. He has coedited four books, including Expert Psychological Testimony for the Courts and Violence and the Law.

Professor Costanzo has served as a consultant for more than 150 criminal cases and has provided expert testimony in state, federal, military, and juvenile courts. He has received outstanding teaching and mentoring awards from the American Psychology-Law Society, the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, the Western Psychological Association, and the Society for the Teaching of Psychology.

Daniel Krauss completed a joint-degree program in psychology and law at the University of Arizona, receiving his JD and then his PhD in clinical psychology and psychology, policy, and law. He is a professor at Claremont McKenna College and is a member of the plenary faculty at Claremont Graduate University. Professor Krauss has published a large number of research articles and book chapters relating to clinical psychological evaluations for the courts, legal and psychological expertise, and jury decision making. He is coeditor of The Law and Public Policy: Psychology and the Social Sciences book series published by the American Psychological Association Press and coauthor (with Bruce Sales) of The Psychology of Law: Human Behavior, Legal Institutions, and Law in that series.

Professor Krauss is licensed to practice law in Arizona, is a member of the United States Supreme Court bar, and has served as the United States Supreme Court Fellow to the U.S. Sentencing Commission. He is a licensed clinical psychologist in the state of California; a diplomate in forensic psychology, board certified by the American Board of Professional Psychology; and a member of the board of directors of the American Board of Forensic Psychology. Professor Krauss was a recipient of the Early Career Research Award by the Western Psychological Association, and he is a fellow of the Western Psychological Association, the American Psychological Association, and the Association for Psychological Science.

Every year, each of us teaches a course either in forensic psychology or in psychology and law. Our combined teaching experiencespanning more than four decadesprompted us to write this book and guided our writing process. Our goal was to produce a student-friendly textbook, a book that is both accessible and rigorous. Drawing on research in social, cognitive, clinical, and developmental psychology, we demonstrate how psychological science can be used to enhance the gathering of evidence, improve legal decision making, reduce crime, and promote justice.

One aspect of this book that makes it a distinctive alternative to other textbooks in this area is writing style. Of necessity, all textbooks designed for a particular course must be similar in content. Often, it is how content is presented that makes a book appealing to students and instructors. Weve taken great care to write Forensic and Legal Psychology in a lively, engaging style. When presenting research findings, we portray the research process as a kind of detective storyan effort to unravel a mystery through systematic data collection. We also make extensive use of real cases and trials to draw students into the material and to illustrate the relevance of research findings. To make sure our writing is clear and engaging, we had every chapter reviewed and edited by both students and scholars. Finally, to enhance the visual appeal of the book and to clarify research findings, we use tables, graphs, photos, and figures throughout the text.

Forensic and Legal Psychology is intended to provide a comprehensive introduction to the varied, expanding field of psychology and law. The chapters explore virtually every aspect of the legal system that psychologists have studied. We emphasize how research and theory can deepen our understanding of key participants in the legal system (e.g., suspects, criminals, police, victims, lawyers, witnesses, judges, and jurors) and of basic psychological processes as they come into play in the legal system (e.g., decision making, persuasion, perception, memory, and behavior change). In addition to core chapters on topics such as eyewitness identification, jury decision making, child custody, and the insanity defense, we include full chapters on a few topics not well covered in most textbooks: