Polly Davis - English structure in focus

This book made available by the Internet Archive.

Essential Adjective Clauses: Relative Pronouns as Objects of Prepositions 89 Lesson 9 Holidays 97 Essential Adjective Clauses: Relative Adverbials when and where 97 Lesson 10 A Day in the Life of a Handyman 107 Essential Adjective Clauses: The Possessive Pronoun whose 107 Lesson 11 Accidents 115 The Past Progressive vs. the Simple Past with when Clauses 115 The Past Progressive and the Simple Past with while 118 Lesson 12 A Marriage Agreement 125 The Simple Present and the Present Progressive 125 Middle Adverbs 129 Lesson 13 Graduate Field Work 139 Duration Up to Now: The Present Perfect Progressive and the Present Perfect of he 139 Duration Up to Now: Stative Verbs in the Present Perfect 142 Lesson 14 A Change in Lifestyle 149 Used to + the Base Form (Infinitive) 149 Negative Statements of Duration with the Present Perfect: for long vs. for a long time 151 Lesson 15 Space Exploration 159 Completion: The Present Perfect vs. the Simple Past 159 Completion: The Past Perfect vs. 175 iv Contents Lesson 17 A Car or Motorcycle? 187 Comparisons with Adjectives 187 Comparisons with Adverbs 193 Comparisons with Nouns 194 Lesson 18 Choosing a Job 201 The Superlative of Adjectives and Adverbs 201 The most, the fewest, the least + noun 206 Lesson 19 The Performing Arts 215 The Future: be going to and will 215 Future Time Clauses 220 The Future Progressive with when and while 223 Lesson 20 Extraterrestrial Intelligence 229 Introduction to Modal Auxiliaries; Uncertainty: may or might 229 The Future Real Conditional 234 Lesson 21 Flying 241 Ability-Availability: can, could, be able to 241 Necessity-Permission: must, have to, may, can 247 Lesson 22 Entertaining 255 Advisability: should, ought, had better 255 Introduction to Modal Perfects 258 The Future Perfect 259 Lesson 23 Break-in 267 Deduction: must, may, might, could, cant, couldnt 267 Unfulfilled Advisability: should have... -ed 272 Lesson 24 Voyages of Discovery 281 Noun Clauses: Indirect Statements 281 Noun Clauses: Indirect Questions 286 Lesson 25 Studying Wildlife 293 Infinitives 293 Infinitives after it 297 Lesson 26 University on Wheels 303 Gerunds as Direct Objects and Complements 303 Gerunds after Prepositions 307 Contents v Lesson 27 Speaking Out 315 Causatives: make, let, have 315 Verbs of Observation 318 Lesson 28 Money Problems 325 The Present-Future Unreal Conditional 325 Present-Future Clauses with wish 330 Lesson 29 Creating a Happy Society 337 The Past Unreal Conditional 337 Past Clauses with wish 340 Lesson 30 Tall Tales 347 Result Clauses: so and such with Adjectives and Adverbs 347 Result Clauses: so much/little: so many/few 350 Lesson 31 Old and New Ways 357 The Passive 357 Past Participles Used as Adjectives (the Stative Passive) 362 Appendix 1 Irregular Verb Forms 366 Appendix 2 Some Verbs Which Can Be Followed by Indirect Statements 368 Appendix 3 Verbs Followed by Infinitives 370 Appendix 4 Verbs Followed by Gerunds 372 Index 373 vi Contents Introduction to the Second Edition-Book One English Structure in Focus is a contextual grammar text for students of English as a Second Language. -ed 272 Lesson 24 Voyages of Discovery 281 Noun Clauses: Indirect Statements 281 Noun Clauses: Indirect Questions 286 Lesson 25 Studying Wildlife 293 Infinitives 293 Infinitives after it 297 Lesson 26 University on Wheels 303 Gerunds as Direct Objects and Complements 303 Gerunds after Prepositions 307 Contents v Lesson 27 Speaking Out 315 Causatives: make, let, have 315 Verbs of Observation 318 Lesson 28 Money Problems 325 The Present-Future Unreal Conditional 325 Present-Future Clauses with wish 330 Lesson 29 Creating a Happy Society 337 The Past Unreal Conditional 337 Past Clauses with wish 340 Lesson 30 Tall Tales 347 Result Clauses: so and such with Adjectives and Adverbs 347 Result Clauses: so much/little: so many/few 350 Lesson 31 Old and New Ways 357 The Passive 357 Past Participles Used as Adjectives (the Stative Passive) 362 Appendix 1 Irregular Verb Forms 366 Appendix 2 Some Verbs Which Can Be Followed by Indirect Statements 368 Appendix 3 Verbs Followed by Infinitives 370 Appendix 4 Verbs Followed by Gerunds 372 Index 373 vi Contents Introduction to the Second Edition-Book One English Structure in Focus is a contextual grammar text for students of English as a Second Language.

This second edition has been divided into two volumes: Book One for intermediate learners and Book Two for high intermediate to advanced learners. The revised text differs from the original in a number of respects: 1. Book One is now simpler, more uniformly intermediate in level. The presentation of structures relies largely on diagrams so that verbal explanations can be minimized. Some finer points of grammar have been omitted, and structures treated in the second half of the original edition are here given introductory treatment only. 2. 2.

The exercises are less tightly controlled. Many of them ask students to supply information from their own knowledge, experience, and imagination. There is also a greater variety of exercises, with some explicitly designed for oral presentation, pair work, or group work. 3. New topics of interest to university and adult students have been included. 4.

The lessons are self-contained, with few exceptions, and review exercises are designed to be optional so that teachers can easily change the sequence of presentation. 5. Each lesson now includes two new sections: Transfer Exercises, which help the student use key structures more independently in new contexts, and Discussion Topics, where the focus is on ideas rather than structure. In two important respects, however, the new edition is faithful to the original. First, every lesson is organized around a theme; exercises expand on the theme, adding new dimensions to what has been presented before. Second, the grammatical content focuses on two areas of particular importance to intermediate learners: the verb system (tense, aspect, and modals) and the formation of complex sentences.

LESSON FORMAT AND SUGGESTIONS FOR TEACHERS Each lesson consists of four basic parts: presentation and practice of structures (usually two sections per lesson), transfer exercises, discussion topics, and composition topics. A few lessons contain an additional activity such as a review, a role-play, or a community interview. StructuresPresentation and Practice New structures are presented diagramatically with explanatory notes following. The explanatory notes add to, rather than repeat, the information in the diagrams; teachers may therefore wish to have students discover and verbalize the rules illustrated in the examples. The diagrams and explanations that follow may be used to introduce or to summarize class practice, or may be assigned for home study. Each new structure is practiced in a series of exercises.

Intermediate students need oral practice, so some exercises are designed to be done with books closed and are marked accordingly. Many others, similar in format but more complex, can be done with books either open or closed, according to the needs and abilities of the class. Teachers should feel free to experiment and vary their approach. It is often important, however, for students at this level to work with language of a complexity somewhat beyond their oral/aural ability, and so open books are required for certain exercises. Occasionally an exercise is marked (optional) to alert teachers to an activity that may be of interest to some classes but difficult or inappropriate for others. The teacher is the best judge of when to omit, abbreviate, or delay an excerise, whether to use it in class or for homework, and so forth.

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