Thomas B Fischer - Progress in Environmental Assessment Policy, and Management Theory and Practice

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Progress in Environmental
Assessment Policy, and
Management Theory and Practice

Progress in Environmental
Assessment Policy, and
Management Theory and Practice

Thomas B Fischer

University of Liverpool, UK

Published by

Imperial College Press
57 Shelton Street
Covent Garden
London WC2H 9HE

Distributed by

World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224
USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601
UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Fischer, Thomas B., 1965
Title: Progress in environmental assessment policy, and management theory and practice /
Thomas B Fischer, University of Liverpool, UK.
Description: New Jersey: Imperial College Press, 2015.
Identifiers: LCCN 2015026761 | ISBN 9781783268375 (hardcover: alk. paper) |
ISBN 1783268379 (hardcover: alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Environmental impact analysis. | Environmental policy. |
Environmental management.
Classification: LCC TD194.6 .F574 2015 | DDC 333.71/4--dc23
LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015026761

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Copyright 2016 by Imperial College Press

All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher.

For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher.

In-house Editor: Philly Lim

Typeset by Stallion Press
Email:

Printed in Singapore

CONTENTS

Strategic Environmental Assessment in China: Opportunities, Issues and Challenges
Kin-Che Lam, Yongqin David Chen and Jing Wu

A Policy Window Opens: Strategic Environmental Assessment in York Region, Ontario, Canada
Denis Kirchhoff, Dan McCarthy, Debbe D. Crandall, Laura McDowell and Graham Whitelaw

EIA Theories: All Chinese Whispers and No Critical Theory
Joe Weston

Effectiveness of Policy Level Environmental and Sustainability Assessment: Challenges and Lessons from Recent Practice
Richard P. Eales and William R. Sheate

Change Agents in the Field of Strategic Environmental Assessment: What Does it Involve and What Potentials Does it Have for Research and Practice?
Lone Krnv, Ivar Lyhne, Sanne Vammen Larsen and Anne M. Hansen

GIS in Environmental Assessment: A Review of Current Issues and Future Needs
Ainhoa Gonzlez Del Campo

How Clearly is Causality Communicated in EIA?
Anastassios Perdicolis and John Glasson

The Effectiveness of EIA as an Instrument for Environmental Governance: Reflecting on 25 Years of EIA Practice in the Netherlands and the UK
Jos Arts, Hens A. C. Runhaar, Thomas B. Fischer, Urmila Jha-Thakur, Frank Van Laerhoven, Peter P. J. Driessen and Vincent Onyango

Advancing Regional Strategic Environmental Assessment in Canadas Western Arctic: Implementation Opportunities and Challenges
Courtney Fidler and Bram F. Noble

Perspectives on Inter-Linking Impact Assessment and Green Procurement: The Case of Green Energy
Kedar Uttam, Berit Balfors, Charlotta Faith-Ell and Ulla Mrtberg

Knowledge Management in Environmental Impact Assessment Agencies: A Study in Qubec, Canada
Luis E. Snchez and Pierre Andr

Environmental Assessment and Management Related Master Level Degree Programmes in the EU: Baseline, Trends, Challenges and Opportunities
Thomas B. Fischer and Urmila Jha-Thakur

Current State of the SEA System in Brazil: A Comparative Study
Marcelo Montao, Priscila Oppermann, Anne Caroline Malvestio and Marcelo Pereira Souza

Environmental Impacts of Civil Emergency Plans and their Exemption from SEA
Steve Swain and Riki Therivel

INTRODUCTION

Environmental Assessment (EA, including both environmental impact assessment [EIA] of projects and strategic environmental assessment [SEA] of policies, plans and programmes) is an internationally applied ex-ante decision support instrument aiming at reducing, and, if possible, avoiding the negative environmental impacts of actions before they occur and enhancing positive environmental and other outcomes. It was first legally required in the USA based on the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969. Literally all countries now have related experiences, either based on legal requirements, or based on provisions by development banks and organisations, including the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank and others (Fischer and Nadeem, 2014).

The Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management (JEAPM) is one of the three leading international English language journals for Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) (Fischer and Onyango, 2012) and EIA (Fischer and Noble, 2015), next to the journals EIA Review and Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal (IAPA). Now in its 16th year of existence (with a total of 341 published documents appearing on the citation database scopus until 2014), it is the youngest of these three, with EIA Review having been published for over 41 years (with 1,346 published documents on scopus) and IAPA for over 33 years (until 1997 as two journals; Project Appraisal and Impact Assessment; with 738 published documents on scopus).

This publication presents a selection of papers from a total of 22 issues of JEAPM over a period of five and a half years, from mid-2009 (the year I took over as the editor-in-chief) to 2014. Fourteen of the 145 papers (next to 16 book reviews and 22 editorials) that have been published since then have been picked, mainly based on their key relevance for the EA topic. Seven of the papers are taken from the seven special issues published since mid-2009, that included SEA in China, SEA as a tool to contribute to high level policy objectives, Spatial data and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) as support tools for EA, 25 years of the European EIA Directive, EA in the context of renewable energy deployment, SEA in Latin America and Disaster and risk management: the role of EA.

Overall, since mid-2009 the journal has seen a good mix of papers, focusing on different world regions and topics. About 40 papers focused on practices in Europe, 30 on North America, 18 on Asia, 15 on South America, 10 on Africa and 7 on Australia and New Zealand. One paper also focused on Antarctica. Nearly 50 papers focused on SEA-related aspects and 25 on aspects revolving around EIA. Another 50 papers dealt with other issues and topics, including wider environmental management as well as other tools, such as life-cycle assessment (LCA), cost-benefit analysis (CBA), health impact assessment (HIA) and risk assessment.

Next to the seven papers that represent the topics of the special issues, the other seven papers included in this publication have various foci. These range from the concept of policy windows with regards to SEA, from EIA theory, the role of change agents in SEA, the communication of causality in EIA, the preparedness for offshore hydrocarbon energy development in the absence of SEA, knowledge management and EA, to environmental assessment and management related higher education.

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