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Cleavages, Institutions and Competition

ECPR Press

The ECPR Press is published by the European Consortium for Political Research in partnership with Rowman & Littlefield International. It publishes original research from leading political scientists and the best among early career researchers in the discipline. Its scope extends to all fields of political science, international relations and political thought, without restriction in either approach or regional focus. It is also open to interdisciplinary work with a predominant political dimension.

ECPR Press Editors

Editors

Peter Kennealy is Deputy Director of the European University Institute library in Florence, Italy.

Alexandra Segerberg is Associate Professor at the University of Stockholm, Sweden.

Associate Editors

Ian OFlynn is Senior Lecturer in Political Theory at Newcastle University, UK.

Laura Sudulich is Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at the University of Kent, UK. She is also affiliated to Cevipol (Centre dtude de la vie Politique) at the Universit libre de Bruxelles.

Cleavages, Institutions and Competition

Understanding Vote Nationalisation in Western Europe (19652015)

Vincenzo Emanuele

Published by Rowman & Littlefield International Ltd
Unit A, Whitacre Mews, 2634 Stannary Street, London SE11 4AB
www.rowmaninternational.com

In partnership with the European Consortium for Political Research, Harbour House, 68 Hythe Quay, Colchester, CO2 8JF, United Kingdom

Rowman & Littlefield International Ltd. is an affiliate of Rowman & Littlefield
4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706, USA
With additional offices in Boulder, New York, Toronto (Canada), and Plymouth (UK)
www.rowman.com

Copyright 2018 by Vincenzo Emanuele

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: HB 978-1-78660-673-0

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Emanuele, Vincenzo, 1986 author.

Title: Cleavages, institutions and competition : understanding vote nationalisation in Western Europe, 19652015 / Vincenzo Emanuele.

Description: New York : Rowman & Littlefield International Ltd, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2017048488 (print) | LCCN 2017060082 (ebook) | ISBN 9781786606747 (electronic) | ISBN 9781786606730 (cloth : alk. paper)

Subjects: LCSH: Voting researchEurope, WesternCross-cultural studies. | Political partiesEurope, WesternCross-cultural studies.

Classification: LCC JF1005 (ebook) | LCC JF1005 .E53 2018 (print) | DDC 324.94/055dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017048488

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information SciencesPermanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.481992.

Printed in the United States of America

A mia madre che mi ha trasmesso lamore per la storia
e a mio padre che per primo mi ha spiegato la politica

Contents

Figures and Tables

FIGURES

Tables

The methodologically aware comparative social scientist is always subject to fears and doubts and is frequently not self-assured and sometimes even unhappy scholar. Constantly worrying about the combination of an esprit de finesse with an esprit de gomtrie, the comparativist must balance both in the full knowledge of the risk of falling under Pascals dictum: les esprits faux ne sont jamais ni fins, ni gomtres. Comparativists, in short, must always justify their research choices.

Stefano Bartolini, The Political Mobilization of the European Left, 2000

Abbreviations

ADM	Average district magnitude
AR1	First-order autoregressive parameter
CRII	Cumulative regional inequality index
CV	Coefficient of variation
E	Local entrant measure
EEA	European Economic Area
EFTA	European Free Trade Area
EMS	European Monetary System
ENEP	Effective number of electoral parties
EU	European Union
EURII	Index of European institutional integration
FGLS	Feasible generalised least squares
GEE	Generalised estimating equations
GLS	Generalised least squares
IPR	Index adjusted for party size and number of regions
IVreg	Instrumental variable regression
LPD	Left partisan density
MAD	Mean absolute deviation
MSD	Mean squared deviation
OLS	Ordinary least squares
PCSE	Panel-corrected standard errors
PNS	Party nationalisation score
PR	Proportional representation
PSNS	Party system nationalisation score
RAI	Regional Authority Index
SCVw	Standardised and weighted variability coefficient
SMD	Single-member district
sPNS	standardised party nationalisation score
sPSNS	standardised party system nationalisation score
TSCS	Time-series-cross-section
TUD	Trade union density
TV	Total volatility
VIF	Variance inflation factor

In some figures, countries have been abbreviated following the ISO Alpha-2 Country Code: Austria (AT), Belgium (BE), Denmark (DK), Finland (FI), France (FR), Germany (DE), Greece (GR), Ireland (IE), Italy (IT), the Netherlands (NL), Norway (NO), Portugal (PT), Spain (ES), Sweden (SE), Switzerland (CH), the United Kingdom (UK).

Preface

This book has the purpose to analyse the evolution of vote nationalisation in Western European party systems over the past fifty years and to look for an explanation, by providing a far-reaching assessment of the macro-constellation of factors involved in this process.

Vote nationalisation is conceived as the level of territorial homogeneity of the electoral support for a given party or, at the aggregate level, in a given party system. The more the support for a party (or for a group of parties) is homogeneous among the territorial units of the country, the more that party (or that party system) is nationalised, and vice versa. From this conceptualisation, it derives that vote nationalisation is a matter of degree and concerns the within-country territorial variations of party support. Therefore, it is not something that can be achieved once and for all. Even if the most important steps towards the formation of nationalised electorates and party systems were reached during a specific period of time between the end of the nineteenth century and the end of World War I the extent to which a given party system is more or less nationalised varies through time, and this variation depends on many different factors.

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