Dan Caldwell - Diplomacy, Force, and Leadership: Essays in Honor of Alexander L. George

Diplomacy, Force, and Leadership

Essays in Honor of Alexander L. George

Edited by
Dan Caldwell
and Timothy J. McKeown

First published 1993 by Westview Press, Inc.

Published 2018 by Routledge
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Diplomacy, force, and leadership: essays in honor of Alexander L.
George / editors, Dan Caldwell and Timothy J. McKeown.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8133-1745-2
1. International relations. 2. Leadership. 3. Diplomacy.
I. Caldwell, Dan. II. McKeown, Timothy J., 1951 III. George.
Alexander L.
JX1395.D485 1993
327dc20 93-19811
CIP

ISBN 13: 978-0-367-00767-6 (hbk)

The editors of and contributors to this volume dedicate it to Alexander L. Georgea friend, colleague, and teacher and the inspiration for much of the work that is presented here. Alex George in many respects had an atypical academic career. During World War II, he worked in the Federal Communications Commission and the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). In 1948 he joined the newly established RAND Corporation, where he remained for the next twenty years and served as head of the Social Science Department in the early sixties. In 1968, George moved to Stanford, where in 1978 he was named the first holder of the endowed Graham H. Stuart Professorship in International Relations. Throughout his career, George received numerous prestigious awards, including Phi Beta Kappa (University of Chicago, 1940), Rockefeller Fellow (1942), Fellow of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences (1956-57, 1976-77), and Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1975) and was the recipient of research grants from many organizations, including the Carnegie Corporation, the National Institute of Mental Health, the Ford Foundation, the National Science Foundation, and the MacArthur Foundation. Following his retirement from Stanford in 1990, the United States Institute of Peace named George a Distinguished Fellow.

George's work on leaders and high-level decision-making groups began with Woodrow Wilson and Colonel House (1956), co-authored with his wife, Juliette George. This book was a pioneering effort in using psychological theory to explore a leader's political decisions, and it still commands attention and critical commentary decades after its publication. Alex George's studies of diplomacy and the use of force, from The Limits of Coercive Diplomacy (1971), co-authored with David K. Hall and William R. Simons, and the Bancroft Prize-winning Deterrence in American Foreign Policy: Theory and Practice (1974), co-authored with Richard Smoke, to his most recent work, Bridging the Gap: Theory and Practice in Foreign Policy (1993), set a high and exacting standard for policy-relevant scholarship.

Alex George's views on the goals and content of "theory for policy" have been quite influential in shaping the research agendas of other scholars, some of whom have been fortunate enough to work with him as a research collaborator, co-author, or dissertation advisor. His prescription for a "multiple advocacy" approach to foreign policy decision-making, first described in a 1972 article in the American Political Science Review, has achieved wide circulation and acclaim, and his work on the methodology of the "focused comparison of case studies," published in 1979, has become required reading for many graduate students in political science and has been accepted by many researchers as their research methodology, Much of the work in this volume is inspired by or draws on his research.

No recital of Alex George's intellectual accomplishments would suffice to convey our appreciation for his contributions to our work and to our lives. Many prominent scholars are too busy or too absorbed in their own research to contribute to the work of their students or colleagues. This is not the case with Alex George. As the contributors to this volume and countless other scholars know well, Alex would carefully read and comment on papers, dissertations, and book manuscripts sent to him. There is probably no scholar in the fields of American foreign policy, international relations, and political psychology who is acknowledged more frequently for his contributions to the research and intellectual development of others.

As students in the Stanford political science program in the 1970s, we both came to know Alex George as someone who had time to listen. His gentle, patient, self-effacing manner stands in sharp contrast to that of many other prominent scholars. Perhaps the clearest indication of his collegiality is to be found in his pattern of co-authorship. He has collaborated frequently with a wide variety of scholars in a number of different disciplines, including history, psychology, and medicine. The resulting work has had a major impact on several different fields.

The contributors to this particular volume have worked with Alex George in a number of ways. He was a dissertation advisor for five (Aggarwai, Bouchard, Caldwell, Goldman, and McKeown), informal advisor for several (Berman, C. Hermann, M. Hermann, Jentleson, and Levite), and professional colleague for the remaining contributors. The editors and contributors have agreed to donate the royalties from the sale of this book to the International Studies Association (ISA) in order to establish and fund an annual prize for the best paper presented by a graduate student at the panels organized by the Foreign Policy Analysis Section at the annual meeting of the association. We believe that this is a particularly appropriate tribute because Alex previously served as president of ISA and because, throughout his career, he has encouraged and supported younger scholars.

In the process of editing this volume, the editors have received advice and help from a number of people. The idea for this Festschrift originated at a panel organized by the Foreign Policy Analysis Section of the International Studies Association in April 1990. The panel participants included Juliette George, Margaret Hermann, Richard Herrmann, Bruce Russett, David Skidmore, and Janice Gross Stein. In organizing this volume, the editors received valuable advice from Ole R. Holsti and Richard Smoke. Arnold Horelick of the RAND Corporation provided the citations for George's RAND publications. Jeffrey Hughes, Robert Jervis, and David Yoffie also provided helpful advice. Frederick Praeger encouraged us to organize this tribute. As editors of the volume, we are of course most indebted to the contributors, and we thank them.