Haroon K. Ullah - Vying for Allah’s Vote: Understanding Islamic Parties, Political Violence, and Extremism in Pakistan

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VYING FOR ALLAHS VOTE

South Asia in World Affairs Series
T. V. Paul, Series Editor

EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
Rajesh Basrur
Maya Chadda
Stephen P. Cohen
C. Christine Fair
Timothy Hoyt
Paul Kapur
Rajesh Rajagopalan
Aseema Sinha

OTHER TITLE IN THE SERIES
Afghan Endgames: Strategy and Policy Choices for Americas Longest War,
Hy Rothstein and John Arquilla, editors

VYING FOR ALLAHS VOTE

Understanding Islamic Parties, Political Violence, and Extremism in Pakistan

HAROON K. ULLAH

Photos used on the cover are used with permission from the author. He took the photos at rallies he attended in Pakistan.

2014 Haroon K. Ullah. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Ullah, Haroon K., author.

Vying for Allahs vote : understanding Islamic parties, political violence, and extremism in Pakistan / Haroon K. Ullah.

pages : illustrations ; cm.(South Asia in world affairs series)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-62616-015-6 (paperback : alkaline paper)

1. Islam and politicsPakistan. 2. Political partiesPakistan. 3. Islamic fundamentalismPakistan. 4. PakistanPolitics and government. I. Title.
JQ629.A979U453 2013
324.25491082dc23

2013003384

This book is printed on acid-free paper meeting the requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence in Paper for Printed Library Materials.

15 14 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 First printing

Printed in the United States of America

To Amber, Ami-ji, Abu-ji, and family,
and to He who bestows all blessings

CONTENTS

ILLUSTRATIONS

Tables

Figures

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am indebted to many individuals and institutions for their support of this project. The American Institute of Pakistan Studies (AIPS) and the William J. Fulbright Fellowship Program both awarded grants that funded part of my extensive research and fieldwork. Special thanks to the AIPS committee: Mark Kenoyer, Anita Weiss, Kamran Asdar Ali, and Will Glover for their support of my book from its early stages.

I also owe a deep debt of gratitude to Harvards Kennedy School of Government and the University of Michigan. In particular, my heartfelt thanks go to Robert Mickey, Ronald Inglehart, Mary Corcoran, Anna Gryzmala-Busse, Ashutosh Varshney, Mark Tessler, Tarek Masoud, Asim Khawaja, and Barbara Metcalf. Each of them helped shape my academic training and has provided lively intellectual discussions that enriched and extended my work. Many thanks to Vali Nasr, whose mentorship and groundbreaking research on Muslim democratic parties and Jamaat Islami inspired me to carry on with my research. I am also grateful to Harvards Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs for their generous support with a fellowship during 20079. The fellowship allowed me to expand the scope of the project, and I learned a great deal from the world-class scholars at the Center.

I am also grateful to several leading policymakers and diplomats at the US State Department for their mentorship and support of the project. Particular thanks to former US Ambassador to Pakistan Cameron Munter for the opportunity to be part of his staff in Pakistan, and for his enthusiastic interest in the project. I extend my gratitude to Jeremy Rosner for his guidance and careful attention to methodology. My hearty thanks to Tim Lenderking, Rick Olson, Dick Hoagland, Kathryn Schalow, Peter Brennan, Dan Feldman, Irfan Saeed, Tom Miller, Robin Raphel, Walter Douglas, Mark Davidson, Jonathan Pratt, Adnan Mirza, Vinay Chawla, Nicole Chulick, Rick Waters, Brent Hartley, and Jonathan Henick. From them I learned valuable concepts regarding policymaking and public diplomacy. My deepest thanks and admiration go to the late Ambassador Richard C. Holbrooke, on whose team I served; his passion for diplomacy and the region was remarkable and left a lasting impression on all who knew him.

I must also acknowledge my debt to the political and civil society activists, scholars, media persons, and journalists in Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Egypt, and Morocco, who shared with me their experiences and insights into the dynamics of political parties and democratization. For sharing information and providing access, my thanks to the leaders in the Pakistan Muslim League, Jamaat Islami, Jamiat Ulema Islam, Tehreek-i-Insaf, Pakistan Peoples Party, Muttahida Quami Movement, and Awani National Party. It is at these political rallies that I first heard the campaign slogan A vote for us is a vote for Allah! which inspired the title of this book. In Pakistan, Mumtaz Ahmads mentorship and legendary scholarship served as a model. In addition, I am indebted to Mosharraf Zaidi, Adil Najam, Moeed Pirzada, Amineh Hoti, Mohammed Mallick, Mohammed Waseem, Daniyal Aziz, Maleeha Lodhi, Najam Sethi, Taimur Rehman, Shahid Khan, Rasul Baksh Rais, Imtiaz Gul, Zahid Hussain, and Ahmad Rashid for sharing their profound understanding of politics in Muslim-majority countries.

The research and writing of this book has spanned the course of several years. Throughout this period I have benefited greatly from an ongoing intellectual exchange with many scholars and colleagues who engaged with the ideas in my book and suggested valuable refinements to the manuscript. These people include Akbar Ahmad, Peter Lavoy, Shuja Nawaz, Hassan Abbas, Christine Fair, Joshua White, Marvin Weinbaum, Quinn Mecham, Imtiaz Gul, Andrew Wilder, Lisa Curtis, Qamar ul-Huda, Moeed Yusuf, Peter Mandaville, Peter Bergen, Bruce Reidel, Matt Nelson, Steve Coll, Anatol Lieven, Pippa Norris, Joseph Nye, Sanjeev Khagram, Parag Khanna, Alexander Evans, Imam Mohammed Magid, Jonathon Brown, Intisar Rabb, Barney Rubin, Steve Cohen, Dan Markey, Mirza Baig, David Coolidge, Rashad Hussain, Huma Yousef, Hamada Hamid, Maya Tudor, Shahzad Bhatti, Zareena Grewal, Mehmood Kazmi, Shaarik Zafar, Al-Husein N. Madhany, and Hussain Haqqani. I developed my own ideas through my association with these scholars and topical experts. Of course, the responsibility for any omissions or errors in this manuscript are entirely my own. Further, the views expressed are my own and do not represent the US State Department.

I must also extend thanks to several of my colleagues for their outstanding and meticulous support during the preparation of this book, most importantly to Sarah Jordon Watson for her incredible work, as well as Nadia Shoeb and Liz Golberg. The team at Georgetown University Press has shown great care and editorial expertise throughout the publication process. My sincere thanks especially go to editors Don Jacobs and T. V. Paul, as well as the entire staff. I am indebted to my agent Don Fehr at Trident Media Group for his hard work and continued belief in the importance of the project.

Lastly, during the long period it took me to design, research, and write this book, my family has been wonderfully supportive. As the great poet Muhammed Iqbal (18771938) wrote: You are an eagle, and your station is much higher than the royal palacesbeyond the mountains and higher. I am grateful to my wife Ambereen for her unwavering faith and care in my academic endeavors, as well as for her generosity and forbearance. I am especially thankful for her editing of various drafts of the manuscript; her improvements were significant. To my loving parents I dedicate this manuscript, Dr. Kaleem and Zarfshan Ullah, for instilling us with an appreciation of poetry and Allama Iqbaland who have set a high bar for civic activism and scholarship while providing the best role models one could ever ask for. To my siblings, Sarah, Noor, Imran, and Muneer, for their help on the project, inspiration, and support throughout the process, I extend my deep gratitude.

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