Carol B. Thompson - Challenge to Imperialism: The Frontline States in the Liberation of Zimbabwe

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Challenge to Imperialism

About the Book and Author

Challenge to Imperialism is the first comprehensive analysis of the Zimbabwean struggle for independence in its international context. Based on extensive research in the southern African region and on interviews with the ZANU and ZAPU leaders in exile during the war, this study is an analysis of the crucial support given to the Zimbabwean nationalists by the five Frontline StatesAngola, Botswana, Mozambique, Tanzania, and Zambia.

The book begins with a summary of the variable relations among the Frontline States and between those states and the Zimbabwean nationalists. More than once, Frontline governments put Zimbabwean nationalists in their own jails as tensions arose over leadership, conduct of the war, and terms for peace. Yet the Frontline States maintained their support in spite of the extremely high cost to their own economic development.

How could these weak and economically dependent states confront the dominant interests in the region? Was Lancaster House simply a capitulation to imperialist interests, a constitution forced on the nationalists by the beleaguered Frontline States?

This theoretical analysis addresses the complexity of these questions and suggests lessons for the current struggles in Namibia and in South Africa. Further, Dr. Thompson discusses the formation of the Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC) as an attempt to transform the Zimbabwean political victory into regional economic cooperation.

This study of the political and economic background of Zimbabwean independence is important not only to those concerned about Zimbabwe and southern Africa, but also to those interested in the nature of liberation struggles and in the role of the state in developing countries.

Carol B. Thompson is an associate professor of political science at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles. She taught at the University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, during 1977-1979 and has been a research associate at the University of Zimbabwe during 1984-1986.

Challenge to Imperialism

The Frontline States in the Liberation of Zimbabwe

Carol B. Thompson

First published 1985 by Westview Press

Published 2018 by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 1985 by Carol B. Thompson

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Thompson, Carol B.
Challenge to imperialism.
1. Africa, SouthernForeign relationsZimbabwe.
2. ZimbabweForeign relationsAfrica, Southern.
3. ZimbabwePolitics and government. 4. Southern
Africa Development Co-ordination Conference.
I. Title
DT747.Z55T48 1986 327.6068 85-32317

ISBN 13: 978-0-367-00871-0 (hbk)

To my parents, who taught me to care

Contents

1. xiv

Guide

Radical change of any status quo is a difficult and long process, frequently with more steps back toward the familiar than forward toward the vision. As the status quo is transformed, so is the vision, changing to adapt to realities and to new ideas. However, many cry out that the transformation of the vision is betrayal of 'real' goal; others welcome the newest idea as at last the 'final victory'. I have learned much from friends in Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Tanzania and from other Southern Africans about their continuing struggles for equality and justice; I am most indebted to them. Organized and disciplined efforts political, economic, diplomatic and yes, military if necessary do make a difference in the quality of life of a people. My hope is that we in the United States can learn from the real successes and bitter failures of Southern Africans to find ways to transform our status quo.

The analysis has benefited greatly from criticisms of many from the very first stages of the research. Intense debates among colleagues about simply 'what happened' and about theories to help explain the process have greatly clarified issues. Of course, errors remain which are my own; the continuing dialogue will correct them and elaborate the theories.

Because the book is about the interaction of several governments, I found it necessary to check details with those more expert than I for specific countries. I am indebted to the knowledge and advice of many, including Tony Avirgan, Gerald Bender, Amon Chaligha, Harry Goulbourne, Martha Honey, William Minter, James Mittelman, Jack Parson and Ben Turok.

Several colleagues gave criticism of the entire manuscript at various stages. I would like to thank most of all Allen Isaacman, who sacrificed much time from his own important work to read many drafts. Larry Bowman and Joel Samoff also spent numerous hours guiding the analysis.

Two colleagues who were especially important in offering invaluable critique, but also daily encouragement as best friends, are Nora Hamilton and Mark Kann.

The book would not have been possible without the daily contact with reality and constant understanding offered by my niece, Shari Gentry. One who has shared every stage of the debates and writing, and more important, the struggle for liberation in Southern Africa is Bud Day. He understands most of all.

Carol B. Thompson

• ANCSouth Africa African National Congress of South Africa
• ANC African National Council in Zimbabwe; in 1976 it became the UANC
• CAF Central African Federation
• DARE Dare re Chimurenga ('Council of Revolution' in Shona) ZANU war council
• FNLA National Front for the Liberation of Angola
• Frelimo Front for the Liberation of Mozambique
• Frolizi Front for the Liberation of Zimbabwe
• MOLINACO National Liberation Movement of the Comores
• MPLA Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola
• PAIGC African Independence Party of Guinea and Cape Verde Islands
• PF Patriotic Front (ZANU and ZAPU)
• UANC United African National Council
• UDI Unilateral Declaration of Independence
• UNITA National Union for the Total Liberation of Angola
• UNLF Uganda National Liberation Front
• ZANLA Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army of ZANU
• ZANU Zimbabwe African National Union
• ZAPU Zimbabwe African People's Union
• ZIPA Zimbabwe People's Army
• ZIPRA Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army of ZAPU

All dollar figures are in US$ unless otherwise stated.

Although the British colony of Southern Rhodesia did not legally change its name after the unilateral declaration of independence in 1965, it was popularly known as 'Rhodesia'. This text uses the shorter form of Rhodesia.

The Frontline States

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