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Heinz-Dieter Knöll - Russian and Soviet Psychology in the Changing Political Environment: A Time Series Analysis Approach

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Heinz-Dieter Knöll Russian and Soviet Psychology in the Changing Political Environment: A Time Series Analysis Approach
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This book is dedicated to all scientists and researchers, who are working in the search for truth and a better understanding of the world.
Heinz D. Knoell received his B.A., B.Sc., M.Sc., and Ph.D. at the University of Muenster, Germany. From 1980 on he worked as an IT-Consultant and from 1986 on was for nearly 30 years professor of Computer Information Systems at the University of Applied Sciences in Lueneburg, Germany (now merged with Leuphana University).
From 1978 on, he was on many business trips to several Universities in the USSR and Russia.
Since his retirement he studies Psychology and Soviet History at the University of Hamburg, Germany.
Jerwen Jou received his B.A. at the National Chengchi University, Taiwan, his M.A. at Fujen University, Taiwan, M.S. in Psychology at East Texas State University, and his Ph.D. in Psychology at Kansas State University. Since 1990 he is with the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley in Edinburg, TX, since 2000 as professor of Psychology.
2021 Heinz D. Knoell
Translation of Russian and German references and excerpts in books and journals into English by Heinz D. Knoell
Publisher & Print:
tredition GmbH,
Halenreie 40-44,
22359 Hamburg
Germany
ISBN
978-3-347-30834-3 (Paperback)
978-3-347-30835-0 (Hardcover)
978-3-347-30836-7 (e-Book)
This work, including its parts, is protected by copyright. Any exploitation without the consent of the publisher and the authors is prohibited. This applies in particular to electronic or other reproduction, translation, distribution and making available to the public.
Contents
Preface
Russian And Soviet Psychology Schools
History Of Russia And Sociopolitical Influences On Psychology
Tsarist Times
From Bolshevik October Revolution In 1917 To 1929
First Wave Of Repressions Against Psychologists In 1929
Second Wave Of Repressions Against Psychology In 1936
Pavlovization Of Psychology From 1948 To 1953
Khrushchev Era From 1953 To 1966
Brezhnev Era 1966 To 1985
Gorbachev Era From 1985 To 1991
Yeltsin Era From 1991 To 2000
Putin Era Since 2000
Research Method
Motivation Of Our Research
Time Series Analysis
Limitations And Caveats Of Our Research
How To Read The Following Graphs
Impact Of The Communist Partys Tasks For Psychology In The Post-Stalin Era (19552000)
Creation Of The New Soviet Man
Improvement In Quality, Output, And Organization In Industrial And Agricultural Production
Diagnosis And Treatment Of Physical And Psychic Disorders
Other Goals Set By The Communist Party
Changes Not Based On Communist Party Decisions
Discussion
Conclusions And Further Study
References
Preface
This monograph describes psychology in changing political environments in Tsarist Russia in the mid of 19th century, the Soviet Union, and the Russian Federation until the year 2000. Russia and the Soviet Union are of special interest, because of the multitude of political changes. There were not only the so-called October-Revolution in 1917, which initiated the Soviet rule, and the breakdown of the Soviet Union in 1990. But there were also a multitude of changes in Soviet times. In the beginning of the Soviet rule there were many new developments in sciences, which also affected psychology. Since Stalin assumed power, there were many developments and ideological restrictions as well. These are well documented in books and journal articles (e.g. Artemyeva, 2015; Bauer, 1959; Ehrsam, 1985; Graham, 1972; Kozulin, 1984; Krementsov, 1997; Kussmann, 1974; McLeish, 1975; Petrovsky, 2000; Thielen, 1984).
At first glance it may seem that after Stalins death there was a stable ideology, which guided the sciences and research. This was not the case, as we document in our monograph using a qualitative Time Series Analysis.
We present the decisions made by the Soviet Unions Communist Party congresses and Central Committee meetings concerning the task goals of psychological research in different sub-fields of psychology (e.g. Human Experimental Psychology, Social Psychology, Personality Psychology). We relate the political conditions of a given period to the percentage of pages of psychological papers published in different areas of psychology in Voprosy Psichologii (Questions of Psychology), the only Russian psychology journal prior to 1977. The nature and types of the papers reflected the vicissitudes of Soviet and Russian psychology during the latter half of the 20th century when it emerged from pedagogy in 1955, as it became a sub-field of pedagogy by a decree of the Communist Party in 1937 (London, 1949; Petrovsky, 2000).
In the following sections, we give a short sketch of the Russian and Soviet Psychology schools of thought, a history of the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union, and the Russian Federation and their impact on psychology. Then we explain our research method, its limitations and how to read the graphical representations of our results.
In the next chapter we investigate the Communist Partys role in the development of the Soviet Unions and Russian Federations psychology from 1955 to 2000. We present our findings of the partys influence on psychology in the post-Stalin era, based on our bibliometric research using the qualitative Time Series Analysis method. Finally, we draw some conclusions and provide an outline of our future research.
This research was aided by the support of many individuals. We especially thank the following persons:
Svetlana Yu. Zhdanova, Chair of Developmental Psychology, Department of Psychology, State University, Perm, Russia, provided us with the tables of content of Russian and Soviet psychological journals, which were the data basis for our research.
Olaf Morgenroth, Professor of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Medical School Hamburg, Germany, who is engaged in the History of Psychology, was the mentor and coach of our research.
Jonas Knll, Researcher, Friedrich-Lffler-Institute, Celle, Germany gave us initial support in writing the R-scripts for the statistical evaluation and representation of our data.
Lydia Lange, Max-Planck-Institute for Educational Research, Berlin, Germany supported us with her expertise in bibliometric research.
Madlen Schmaltz, Institute of Information Systems, Leuphana University, Lneburg, Germany was our reliable office assistant.
The Team of Interlibrary Loans, Media and Information Center, Leuphana University, Lneburg, Germany provided us with the piles of literature we needed for the interpretation of our data.
Arlene Veldkamp and Nataliia Kumorkievich did the final proofreading. Thank you so much!
There have been much more persons, who supported our work and encouraged us to go on, who are not mentioned here. We thank them also very much.
Russian And Soviet Psychology Schools
Figure 1 displays an overview of the Russian and Soviet Schools of thought in psychology modified from Ehrsam (1985). In his paper Zur Entwicklung einer marxistischen Persnlichkeitspsychologie in der UdSSR (On the Development of a Marxist Personality Psychology in the USSR) he identifies three main roots of Russian and Soviet Psychology. They are based on Ivan Sechenovs reflex theory, Wundts experimental psychology and Lenins reflection theory.
Sechenov proceeded in his theoretical and experimental investigations from the principle of materialistic monism, i.e. the inseparable connection between the psychic and the physiological, as well as from the principle of the interaction between organism and environment. On this basis, in his investigations of the reflex process going back to Descartes, he worked out the central role of information reception and discovered the inhibiting influence of the brain on reflex activity, thus referring to the possibility of active, selective behavior of the organism.
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