Wolfgang F. Stolper - Inside Independent Nigeria: Diaries of Wolfgang Stolper, 1960-1962

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INSIDE INDEPENDENT NIGERIA

Inside Independent Nigeria

Diaries of Wolfgang Stolper, 19601962

Edited by
Clive S. Gray

First published 2003 by Ashgate Publishing

Reissued 2018 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Copyright Clive S. Gray and Wolfgang F. Stolper 2003

Clive S. Gray has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Editor of this Work.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Publisher's Note
The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent.

Disclaimer
The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and welcomes correspondence from those they have been unable to contact.

A Library of Congress record exists under LC control number: 2002026183

Typeset by Martingraphix

ISBN 13: 978-1-138-71803-6 (hbk)
ISBN 13: 978-1-315-19584-1 (ebk)

Contents

1. 1 July 17-30, 1960
   Arrival in Nigeria: First Impressions, First Tour in the Countryside
2. 2 August 2-17, 1960
   First Tour of the Three Regions
3. 3 August 18-September 11, 1960
   Visit to Benin, Completion of First Tour in Nigeria
4. 4 February 1-March 8, 1961
   Second Tour Begins: Consultations in London and Rome, First Meeting of Joint Planning Committee (JPC) Under Chairman [Prime Minister's Economic Adviser] Prasad, Grubbing for Planning Data, Gov. "Soapy" Williams' Visit
5. 5 March 9-April 16, 1961
   Preparing First Paper for the JPC, First Clashes with Prasad, Initial Estimates of Five-Year Plan Magnitudes, Analysis of Selected Public Investments, Ford Foundation Team Attacked in Parliament
6. 6 April 17-June 6, 1961
   Rivkin Mission on US Aid for Nigeria's Plan, JPC, Trips to Eastern and Western Regions
7. 7 June 12-July 24, 1961
   Federal Investment Program, World Bank Mission, Managing the Ford Team, Malaria, Preparing Introductory Plan Paper for JPC and National Economic Council (NEC)
8. 8 July 24-August 28, 1961
   New Minister (Waziri Ibrahim), Macroeconomic Policy, Consultations with World Bank and IMF Missions, JPC Discusses Stolper's Paper, German White Elephant Factories in Eastern Nigeria
9. 9 August 30-September 22, 1961
   Visit to Kano, Maiduguri, Lake Chad: Plan Drafting Begins, Regions Pressed to Submit Their Investment Proposals
10. 10 September 24-November 6, 1961
    Rivkin Mission Returns, Negotiations with Regions, "Irresponsible" Eastern Region Plan, New Permanent Secretary Godfrey Lardner, JPC Discusses Plan Memo
11. 11 November 7-December 13, 1961
    Efforts to Trim Investment Programs, Possible Stretch to Six Years, JPC Discusses Plan Outline
12. 12 January 21-March 3, 1962
    Cabinet Debates Program Cuts, Tensions in Ford Team, Corruption, Integrated Plan versus Four Separate Plans, Stolper Attends NEC Meeting in Ibadan
13. 13 March 5-April 26, 1962
    Visit to Eastern Region, Trip to Cameroon, Ford Team's Future, AID Queries about Plan Assumptions, Parliamentary Debate and Vote on the Plan
14. 14 April 27-June 3, 1962
    Nigerian Economic Society Meeting, Israelis Promote Farm Settlements, Visit to Jos Tin Mines and Other Eastern Region Sites, Stolper Offered a Job in Malta, Visit to Ghana, Clash with Prasad Peaks, Stolper Insists on Coherent Macroeconomic Framework, Disputes about Projected Underspending, Plan Completed

Guide

In 1960, Wolfgang Stolper, then 48, was an economics professor at the University of Michigan, best known in the profession for (i) his co-authorship of the Stolper-Samuelson theorem on protection and real wages, A Harvard PhD, Stolper first studied law at the University of Berlin, then law and economics at Bonn University, where he was a student of Joseph Schumpeter.

Hitler took power before Stolper could finish his degree at Bonn. His father, Gustav Stolper, was a prominent opponent of the Nazis and emigrated to the United States in 1933. The next year Wolfgang followed his father and stepmother, soon reconnecting with Schumpeter at Harvard.

Stolper's involvement with developing country issues started already in 1946, when in the course of a summer job with the International Labor Office, then headquartered in Montreal, he was assigned joint responsibility for a report on 'Economic Development in Asia'. The report served as background for committee sessions of a 1947 ILO conference in New Delhi.

Over a decade later, in 1958-59, Stolper took leave from Michigan to write a book on the East German economy at MIT's Center for International Studies (CIS). During this stay he became curious about the economic fortunes of Europe's African colonies then on the verge of independence, and suggested to colleagues that the new nations could usefully apply lessons from communist countries such as East Germany - more precisely, lessons on how not to run an economy.

Following Stolper's East German project, CIS director Max Millikan invited him back to MIT to join the Center's Africa project. The CIS supported a European tour on which Stolper gathered African data and talked with officials responsible for colonial affairs and academic Africanists. The trip left him eager for a first-hand experience in Africa.

Meanwhile, Nigeria's Federal Ministry of Economic Development (MED) asked the local Ford Foundation office to provide a team of western economists to help prepare a five-year development plan for the country that was scheduled to become independent from Britain on October 1. Among the people through whom the Foundation's New York headquarters put out feelers was David Bell, then a lecturer in the Harvard economics department who had helped organize and provide Harvard advisory assistance, funded by Ford, to the planning commission in Pakistan. Bell learned of Stolper's interest and enlisted him to head the Nigeria team.

Stolper reached Nigeria for the first time on July 18, 1960, spending eight weeks before returning to Michigan for the fall semester. On February 15, 1961, he arrived in the then federal capital, Lagos,During both stays he maintained a diary in the form of hand-written letters to his wife, Martha Vgeli, who remained at the family home in Ann Arbor, Michigan, until meeting Stolper in Dakar, Senegal, in early June 1962. Vgi, as she was best known, transcribed the letters by typewriter more or less as she received them.

In May 1998 Stolper invited the undersigned to edit the diary for publication. The invitation arose from a personal and professional association dating from August 1961, when I started a two-year tour in Lagos as assistant economist in the Nigeria mission of the US International Cooperation Administration (ICA), reorganized by the Kennedy administration in 1962 as the US Agency for International Development (USAID). By chance my wife and I were assigned an apartment directly across the street from Stolper's house, facilitating an interaction that became increasingly close as the Five-Year Development Plan neared completion. Stolper's role in influencing economic policy from within the host government, and his work in directing the Plan's preparation, interested me keenly, and led to my choosing such a role for my own career, rather than accepting US AID's invitation to continue with the agency.

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