Natasha Ezrow - Global Politics and Violent Non-State Actors

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Global Politics and Violent Non-state Actors

Global Politics and Violent Non-state Actors

• Natasha Ezrow

SAGE Publications Ltd

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London EC1Y 1SP

SAGE Publications Inc.

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Natasha Ezrow 2017

First published 2017

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form, or by any means, only with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017930216

British Library Cataloguing in Publication data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 978-1-4739-6048-0

ISBN 978-1-4739-6049-7 (pbk)

Editor: Natalie Aguilera

Assistant Editor: Delayna Spencer

Production editor: Katie Forsythe

Marketing manager: Sally Ransom

Cover design: Stephanie Guyaz

Typeset by: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd, Chennai, India

Printed in the UK

About the Author

Natasha Ezrowis a Senior Lecturer at the University of Essex, where she directs the International Development Program and teaches modules in international relations, terrorism, insurgencies and conflict, as well as the politics of the Middle East, Asia, Latin America and Africa. Her research focuses on violent non-state actors, authoritarian politics, institutional decay, corruption and democratization, and she has published several books on these topics.
In addition to teaching and writing, Dr Ezrow has been featured as an analyst on BBC World, BBC News, the BBC Breakfast show and Al Jazeera. She also currently works as a consultant for the United Nations Economic and Social Commission of Western Asia (UNESCWA) and the European Union External Action Service.
She holds a PhD in Political Science from the University of California at Santa Barbara (2002).

Acknowledgements

I want to thank the students in the Government Department at the University of Essex. Their enthusiasm for global politics and violent non-state groups is what initially inspired this book. Each year I have learned so much from the discussion generated during modules on global politics, violence and violent non-state groups.

I also want to thank the entire team at SAGE Publications for being incredibly easy to work with. It was a stress-free experience and one that I thoroughly enjoyed. They helped every step of the way to ensure that the final book was much improved from the original drafts.

On a personal front, I want to thank my parents Jeff and Yvette, and my sister and past co-author, Erica for being so supportive. I have to also thank my daughters, Annika and Karolina for being totally adorable. And last but not least, I want to thank Ren for being my best friend and partner. I dont know what Id do without you. Ich liebe Dich ber alles!

List of Abbreviations

• ANCAfrican National Congress Party
• AQIal-Qaeda in Iraq
• AQIMal Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb
• ARENANational Republican Alliance
• AUCUnited Self-Defence Forces
• CVComando Vermelho
• DDSDavao Death Sqaud
• ELNNational Liberation Army
• ETAEuskadi Ta Askatasuna
• FALNArmed Forces of National Liberation
• FARCRevolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia
• FLNNational Liberation Front (Algeria)
• FRELIMOMozambique Liberation Front
• FSNLSandinistas National Liberation Front
• GAFEAirmobile Special Forces Group
• GALAnti-Terrorist Liberation Groups
• GIAArmed Islamic Group of Algeria
• IGIslamic Group
• ISIslamic State
• IRAIrish Republican Army
• LDKDemocratic League of Kosovo
• LTTELiberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
• MILFMoro Islamic Liberation Front
• MKUmkhonto we Sizwe
• MNLFMoro National Liberation Front
• MS-13Mara Salvatrucha
• NPFLNational Patriotic Front of Liberia
• OECDOrganization for Economic Co-operation and Development
• PCCPrimeiro Comando da Capital
• PFLPPopular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
• PIRAProvisional Irish Republican Army
• PKKKurdistan Workers Party
• PLOPalestinian Liberation Organization
• PNVBasque Nationalist Party
• PRIInstitutional Revolutionary Party
• PSC(S)Private Security Companies
• RUFRevolutionary United Front
• TULFTamil United Liberation Front
• UNITANational Union for the Total Independence of Angola

Part I Theories and Concepts

The objective of reviews the concept of violence in both its conventional and non-conventional forms.

Introduction

Global Politics Today

In the 20th century, international security studies have focused on the behaviour of states in the international system and on the conflicts between states. What security studies have often neglected, however, is the study of violent non-state actors. The new threats to global security no longer solely originate from states. Furthermore, interstate conflict has become less and less common and much of the violence taking place is irregular. This irregular type of violence occupies a space between being politically motivated and economically motivated. Political violence overlaps with crime and vice versa. Understanding irregular forms of violence and violent non-state actors is becoming more and more critical to security studies.

Nevertheless, scholarly work still lacks coherent theoretical frameworks to identify the processes that lead to their emergence, growth, transformation and power. Though violent non-state actors do not have international legitimacy and recognition, at times they are on par with states in terms of wealth, military resources and territory. Compared to states, violent non-state actors are more unpredictable and volatile. Violent non-state actors defy traditional tools that states have at their disposal to manage threats. Because of this, it makes it much more difficult to generate a strategy to deal with them.

Though the book focuses on a new type of violence, the idea that there are new threats for individuals, societies and states to contend with is not a novel concept. Survey research in Western countries indicates more and more people are concerned with the growing threats posed by violent non-state actors, with many Westerners claiming that terrorist attacks are their number one security concern (Waterman, 2013). But terror groups do not generate as much violence as organized criminal groups. For example, in Brazil dying in a terrorist attack is very unlikely, but due to gang and organized criminal activity death by homicide is the fifth leading cause of death. There continues to be a host of misunderstandings about the threats that violent non-state actors pose. Yet most studies of security have omitted examining criminal groups. But if criminal groups are the most ubiquitous and pose the biggest threat to human security, how can we understand security without including these groups in our analysis?

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