Pamela Scully - Ellen Johnson Sirleaf

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Ellen Johnson Sirleaf

OHIO SHORT HISTORIES OF AFRICA

This series of Ohio Short Histories of Africa is meant for those who are looking for a brief but lively introduction to a wide range of topics in African history, politics, and biography, written by some of the leading experts in their fields.

Steve Biko

by Lindy Wilson

Spear of the Nation (Umkhonto weSizwe): South Africas Liberation Army, 1960s1990s

by Janet Cherry

Epidemics: The Story of South Africas Five Most Lethal Human Diseases

by Howard Phillips

South Africas Struggle for Human Rights

by Saul Dubow

San Rock Art

by J.D. Lewis-Williams

Ingrid Jonker: Poet under Apartheid

by Louise Viljoen

The ANC Youth League

by Clive Glaser

Govan Mbeki

by Colin Bundy

The Idea of the ANC

by Anthony Butler

Emperor Haile Selassie

by Bereket Habte Selassie

Thomas Sankara: An African Revolutionary

by Ernest Harsch

Patrice Lumumba

by Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja

Short-changed? South Africa since Apartheid

by Colin Bundy

The ANC Womens League: Sex, Gender and Politics

by Shireen Hassim

The Soweto Uprising

by Noor Nieftagodien

Frantz Fanon: Toward a Revolutionary Humanism

by Christopher J. Lee

Ellen Johnson Sirleaf

by Pamela Scully

Ken Saro-Wiwa

by Roy Doron and Toyin Falola

Ellen Johnson Sirleaf

Pamela Scully

OHIO UNIVERSITY PRESS

ATHENS

Ohio University Press, Athens, Ohio 45701

ohioswallow.com

2016 by Ohio University Press

All rights reserved

To obtain permission to quote, reprint, or otherwise reproduce or distribute material from Ohio University Press publications, please contact our rights and permissions department at (740) 593-1154 or (740) 593-4536 (fax).

Printed in the United States of America
Ohio University Press books are printed on acid-free paper

Cover design by Joey Hi-Fi

26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 5 4 3 2 1

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Scully, Pamela, author.

Title: Ellen Johnson Sirleaf / Pamela Scully.

Other titles: Ohio short histories of Africa.

Description: Athens : Ohio University Press, 2016. | Series: Ohio short histories of Africa | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2015042165| ISBN 9780821422212 (pb : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780821445600 (pdf)

Subjects: LCSH: Johnson-Sirleaf, Ellen, 1938| Women presidentsLiberiaBiography. | PresidentsLiberiaBiography. | LiberiaPolitics and government1980| LiberiaBiography.

Classification: LCC DT636.53.J64 .S38 2016 | DDC 966.62031092dc23

LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015042165

ISBN 9780821445600 (e-book)

Contents

Illustrations

Figures

Maps

Acknowledgments

Thank you to Gill Berchowitz of Ohio University Press for her support of this project. I also very much appreciate the guidance of the two anonymous reviewers. Olivia Hendricks did sterling work on the copyediting, as did Ingrid Meintjes, who helped prepare the manuscript. The Institute for Developing Nations at Emory University and the Carter Center facilitated my engagement with Liberia over the years. I am very grateful. I appreciate all I have learned from friends and colleagues in Liberia and who work on Liberia. Special thanks to Deborah Harding for her kindness. This book is in honor of all who are working to build a strong and peaceful Liberia.

Abbreviations

ACDL	Association for Constitutional Democracy
ECOMOG	ECOWAS Monitoring Group
ECOWAS	Economic Community of West African States
INGO	international nongovernmental organization
INPFL	Independent National Patriotic Front of Liberia
LAP	Liberian Action Party
LNP	Liberia National Police
LURD	Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy
MODEL	Movement for Democracy in Liberia
MOJA	Movement for Justice in Africa
NDPL	National Democratic Party of Liberia
NGO	nongovernmental organization
NPFL	National Patriotic Front of Liberia
PAL	Progressive Alliance of Liberia
TRC	Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Liberia
ULIMO	United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy
UN	United Nations
UNDP	United Nations Development Programme
UNICEF	United Nations Childrens Fund
UNIFEM	United Nations Development Fund for Women
UNMIL	United Nations Mission in Liberia
WIPNET	Women in Peacebuilding Network
WLMAP	Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace
WONGOSOL	Womens NGO Secretariat of Liberia

Introduction

On Friday, October 7, 2011, the Nobel Peace Prize committee took a step into history by awarding the prize to three women from Africa, two of them relatively unknown activists at the time. The committee presented the award to Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (president of Liberia), Leymah Gbowee (Liberia), and Tawakkol Karman (Yemen) for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for womens rights to full participation in peace-building work.

In its official statement, the Nobel committee said, We cannot achieve democracy and lasting peace in the world unless women obtain the same opportunities as men to influence developments at all levels of society. The most famous of these new laureates was Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, then campaigning for her second term as president of Liberia. The Nobel committee said of her: Sirleaf is Africas first democratically elected female president. Since her inauguration in 2006, she has contributed to securing peace in Liberia, to promoting economic and social development, and to strengthening the position of women.

Liberia. Map No. 3775 Rev. 9, September 2014, United Nations.

For most of Liberias history few people outside West Africa even knew about the country. If they had heard of Liberia, they usually knew two things: that African Americans associated with missions colonized the country in the mid-nineteenth century, and that in the 1990s and early 2000s militias in Liberias civil war perpetrated terrible human rights abuses involving child soldiers and sexualized violence. However, such associations have receded. In 2008, the rather romantic film Pray the Devil Back to Hell, which chronicled womens role in ending the Liberian war, won the award for Best Documentary at the Tribeca Film Festival. The film received many subsequent awards and was also shown on PBS, introducing a wider audience to the issues of war, peace, and womens rights in Liberia.

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