The same-sex unions revolution in western democracies
The same-sex unions revolution in western democracies
International norms and domestic policy change
Kelly Kollman
Manchester University Press
Manchester and New York
distributed exclusively in the USA by Palgrave Macmillan
Copyright Kelly Kollman 2013
The right of Kelly Kollman to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Published by Manchester University Press
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and Room 400, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA
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Distributed exclusively in the USA by
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Distributed exclusively in Canada by
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British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for
ISBN 978 0 7190 8453 9 hardback
First published 2013
The publisher has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or any third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not gurantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
Typeset
by Helen Skelton, Brighton, UK
For my family,
known individually as Karen and Olive
Contents
ACLU | American Civil Liberties Union |
BVerG | Bundesverfassungsgericht; Federal Constitutional Court, Germany |
BVH | Bundesverbands Homosexualitaet; Federal Association of Homosexuality, Germany |
CDA | Christian Democrat Appeal; Christian democratic party, Netherlands |
CDU | Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands, Christian democratic party, Germany |
COC | Cultuur en Ontspannings-Centrum; Culture and Recreation |
Centre, lesbian and gay organisation, Netherlands |
CoE | Council of Europe |
CSU | Christlich-Soziale Union in Bayern; Bavarian Christian democratic party, Germany |
D66 | Democraten 66, left-liberal party, Netherlands |
DOMA | Defense of Marriage Act, US |
ECtHR | European Court of Human Rights |
ECJ | European Court of Justice |
Egale | Equality for Gays and Lesbians Everywhere; gay and lesbian organisation, Canada |
EP | European Parliament |
EU | European Union |
FDP | Freie Demokratische Partei; conservative liberal party, Germany |
FMA | Federal Marriage Amendment, US |
GLF | Gay Liberation Front |
HRC | Human Rights Campaign; gay and lesbian organisation, US |
ILGA-Europe | International Lesbian and Gay Association, Europe |
LGBT | Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender |
IO | Intergovernmental organisation |
LPartG | Lebenspartnerschaftsgesetz; Life Partnership Law, RP law, Germany |
IR | International relations |
LSVD | Lesben- und Schwulenverband in Deutschland; lesbian and gay organisation, Germany |
NGO | Nongovernmental organisation |
NPD | New Democratic Party; social democratic party, Canada |
PACS | Pacte civil de solidarit; RP law, France |
PvdA | Partij van de Arbeid; labour party, Netherlands |
RP | Registered partnership |
SMD | Single-member district electoral system |
SPD | Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands; Social democratic party, Germany |
SSU | Same-sex unions |
SVD | Schwulenverband Deutschlands; gay organisation, Germany |
UCC | United Church of Canada, US |
VVD | Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie; conservative-liberal party, Netherlands |
As is the case with all projects that drag out over years I have numerous people to thank for their input, support and guidance, more than is possible to do here with any adequacy. But I will give it a go anyway.
First, I would like to thank all of my colleagues who over the years have either read different bits of what eventually became this book or talked me through parts of the argument, generally when they had better things to do. This includes colleagues from my first job at Carleton College in the US such as Barb Allen, Annette Nierobisz and Kim Smith, as well as current colleagues from Glasgow such as Alasdair Young, MyrtoTsakatika, Maurizio Carbone, Cian ODriscoll, Naomi Head, David Karp, Kurt Mills, Jane Duckett, Mo Hume and Ana Langer. I would also like to thank my politics colleagues at Glasgow more generally for being an extremely supportive group. My occasional grumpiness aside, I hope it is clear that I feel very privileged to work with them.
I also have roped other people into helping me with this project at various points. Maggie Murray was always there to assist me and lend helpful advice in my never-ending battles with Microsoft Word. Dorien Keizer and Hanna Lorenzen served as very able research assistants for the Dutch and German cases respectively. I also would like to thank Jutta Joachim and the Institut fuer Politische Wissenschaft at Leibniz Universitaet Hannover for giving me an academic home while doing research in Germany. Joke Swiebel in Amsterdam was a great help to me while doing field work in the Netherlands and has been an incredible source of insight about LGBT politics in Europe more generally. I also have been privileged to collaborate directly with three colleagues, David Paternotte, Matthew Waites and Grace Skogstad, while doing research on LGBT politics. I have learned a great deal from all three of them. I would be remiss if I did not thank the editors at MUP as well as the anonymous reviewers, first for commissioning the manuscript and then for working patiently with me to edit and bring it to completion. I would also like to thank Carleton College, the University of Glasgow and the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland for supporting my research in Canada, Germany, Austria and the Netherlands.
As always I am deeply grateful for the warmth, love and support of my parents, Jerry Kollman and Katie Kollman.
I owe my greatest debt of gratitude to Karen Wright, without whom this book, whatever its merits, simply would not exist. She has put up with years of me rushing through the door of our flat, generally pretty late in the evening, and launching into a conversation about my latest crisis with the argument, often without so much as a hello. Her insights and advice have made this a significantly better book; although she might not believe this, I took her advice a great deal more often than not. In addition to talking me through various impasses, she has read and edited countless iterations of every section of the manuscript. Most importantly, however, she has made my life a much happier one.
Permissions
Portions of appeared in earlier forms in the following three publications: