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Theo Van Den Doel - Central Europe: The New Allies?: The Road From Visegrad to Brussels

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Theo Van Den Doel Central Europe: The New Allies?: The Road From Visegrad to Brussels
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Central Europe: The New Allies?
Published in cooperation with the Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael, The Hague
First published in 1994 by Westview Press
Published in 2021 by Routledge
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Copyright 1994 by Taylor & Francis
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Van den Doel, Theo.
Central Europe : the new allies? The road from Visegrad to Brussels / by Theo van den Doel.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-8133-8844-9
1. North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationCentral Europe. 2. North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationArmed Forces. 3. National SecurityCentral Europe. 4. Central EuropeDefenses. I. Title.
UA646.5.C36V36 1994
355.033043dc20
93-39203
CIP
ISBN 13: 978-0-3670-1625-8 (hbk)
ISBN 13: 978-0-3671-6612-0 (pbk)
DOI: 10.4324/9780429046117
Contents
2 The Historical Context
Poland
Hungary
Czechoslovakia
3 New Risks in a Changed Security Environment
Introduction
Internal Security
External Security
Differentiation
4 Security Risks in Central Europe: The Scenarios
Introduction
Sources of Conflict
Conflict Areas
The Scenarios
5 Security and Defense Policies of the Central European Countries
Introduction
Introduction to the Evaluation of Defense Policy: Military Doctrine and Sufficient Defense
Evaluation of the Security and the Defense Policies
The Criteria
6 Cooperation Models
Introduction
Multilateral Cooperation
Bilateral Cooperation
7 The Integration Process
Introduction
Challenges and Risks
Treaty, Functional and Organizational Integration
From Cooperation Toward Integration
Implementation
The Future
8 Conclusions
  1. 2 The Historical Context
    1. Poland
    2. Hungary
    3. Czechoslovakia
  2. 3 New Risks in a Changed Security Environment
    1. Introduction
    2. Internal Security
    3. External Security
    4. Differentiation
  3. 4 Security Risks in Central Europe: The Scenarios
    1. Introduction
    2. Sources of Conflict
    3. Conflict Areas
    4. The Scenarios
  4. 5 Security and Defense Policies of the Central European Countries
    1. Introduction
    2. Introduction to the Evaluation of Defense Policy: Military Doctrine and Sufficient Defense
    3. Evaluation of the Security and the Defense Policies
    4. The Criteria
  5. 6 Cooperation Models
    1. Introduction
    2. Multilateral Cooperation
    3. Bilateral Cooperation
  6. 7 The Integration Process
    1. Introduction
    2. Challenges and Risks
    3. Treaty, Functional and Organizational Integration
    4. From Cooperation Toward Integration
    5. Implementation
    6. The Future
  7. 8 Conclusions
  1. ii
Guide
Tables and Figures
Tables
2.1 Facts and Figures About Central Europe (1992)
2.2 Minorities in Poland
2.3 Minorities in Hungary
2.4 Minorities in the Czech Republic and Slovakia
3.1 Party Profiles of the Parliamentary Lower House
3.2 Regional Strength of the Armed Forces According to the CFE Treaty
5.1 Future Size of Armed Forces in Percentages of the Population
5.2 Evaluation of Polish Military Doctrine
5.3 Evaluation of the Czech Military Doctrine
5.4 Overview Strength Slovak Armed Forces
5.5 Evaluation of Slovakias (preliminary) Military Doctrine
5.6 Evaluation of Hungarys Military Doctrine
5.7 Development of the Defense Budget for Hungary
7.1 The Integration Process
Figures
2.1 Borders in 1939 and Corrections of Borders After World War II
2.2 European Borders After World War I
2.3 Europe, 1938-1939
2.4 Hungary Before and After World War I
3.1 Industrial Production
3.2 Foreign Direct Investments, 1991-1992
4.1 North Bukovina and Bessarabia
5.1 Percentage of Ministry of Defense Expenditures in GNP and States Budget of Poland (1986-100%)
5.2 Overview of the Present Stationing of Polish Armed Forces
5.3 Overview of the Stationing of Polish Armed Forces in 1990 and 2000
5.4 Peacetime Locations Land Forces
Preface
Up until 1991 Europes political map was still well ordered and clear. The Western European countries were members of NATO and the Eastern European countries belonged to the Warsaw Pact. Some countries had a neutral status, which was largely determined by the geopolitical situation as it existed immediately after World War II. With the abolition of the Warsaw Pact, the unification of Germany and the collapse of the Soviet Union a totally new security situation emerged. While the Western European countries are now collecting the peace dividend, the Central and Eastern European countries exist in a security vacuum, in a no-mans land between East and West. Now that the Warsaw Pact no longer exists, external security has again become a matter of national responsibility, not only in theory but also in reality. For the first time since 1945 the former Soviet satellite countries have to stand on their own feet.
The Central European countries knocked on NATOs door after the cold winds of conservatism came blowing from Moscow and the Soviets brutally cracked down against the Baltic states. Neutrality had lost its rationale. The August coup in Moscow brought to light how unstable the security situation in Europe actually was. NATO linked its fate, at least verbally, to the fate of the newly emerging democracies. Broadening of NATO was not on the agenda. The rapid Soviet disintegration nonetheless demanded that at least some form of affiliation be established. The North Atlantic Cooperation Council was set up as an interim solution. This forum of consultation enabled NATO to give a certain guidance to the disintegration process. The Central European countries, confronted with increasing regional instability, were especially disappointed when it turned out that they would not be given a position of preference. Now that the development of the CSCE as a pan-European security organization is stagnating, NATO is the most likely organization to contribute to stability on the European continent.
In the meantime NATO has adjusted its strategy to the new security situation. The new strategy also includes the creation of the European pillar and a European security identity; the former strategy (Harmel report 1967) of dialogue and defense has been replaced by more dynamic dialogue, notably in terms of arms control and cooperation. The West better understands now what the real needs of the new democracies in Central and Eastern Europe are
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