Charles Keith Maisels - The emrgence of civilazation : from hunting and gathering to agriculture, cities, and the state in the Near East

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THE EMERGENCE OF CIVILIZATION

From hunting and gathering to agriculture, cities, and the state in the Near East

Charles Keith Maisels

To the remembrance of Hypatia (c. 370March 415 AD) and the Museion-Library of Alexandria

First published 1990

First published in paperback by Routledge 1993
11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge Inc.
29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005.

To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledges collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.

1990, 1993 Charles Keith Maisels

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Maisels, Charles Keith
The emergence of civilization: from hunting and gathering to agriculture, cities, and the state in the Near East.
1. Sumerian civilization
I. Title 935.01

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Maisels, Charles Keith.
The emergence of civilization: from hunting and gathering to agriculture, cities, and the state in the Near East/Charles Keith Maisels.
p. cm.
Paperback of 1990 hardback
Includes bibliographical references and index
1. Middle EastCivilizationTo 622. I. Title.
DS57.M37 1993 937453
939.4dc20

ISBN 0-203-45064-7 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN 0-203-45661-0 (Adobe eReader Format)
ISBN 0-415-096596 pbk

List of figures

Evolutionary trajectories

The Hawkes Ladder

The demographic threshold

Malthuss neutral control system

Technological progression on the Boserup model

A typical river levee in cross-section

Distribution of six major biomes in terms of mean annual temperature and mean annual rainfall

The Pleistocene succession

Diagram of the history of diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid cultivated wheats

Flow chart of social evolution from hunter-gathering to city-states in Mesopotamia

Bone strontium levels in Man and other fauna

Some Tell Mureybet Phase III round-houses and roasting-pits

Tell Mureybet rectilinear houseform

Idealized cross-section of northern Khuzistan

Interdigitation and succession of prehistoric Mesopotamian cultures

Patterns of mobility and land use

Periodization of .esopotamian history

Distribution of Uruk period site-areas by regions and sub-periods

The prehistoric temple at Eridu

Distribution of Early Dynastic I site areas by region

Reconstruction of the temple oval at Khafaje

Site plan of Uruk, showing the Anu and E-Anna precincts

Family relationships and their ranking according to the Manituu Obelisk Al

The La-mu-sa oikos

Plan of Building A, level II, at Tell Abada

Building plans of three periods at Tell es-Sawwan

Tell Qalinj Agha

Kheit Qasim III

Kheit Qasim III: the main residence and the multi-purpose building

Relative amounts of grain (in kur) expended by Bazi for various purposes

A production and distribution flow chart

Pictorial signs of the Sumerian, Egyptian, Hittite, and Chinese writing systems

Sketch of villages in area of diversified resources

Services model of the evolution of the state

Models for the operation of control hierarchies

A managerial theory of state origins (Wittfogel 1957)

An external conflict theory of state origins (Carneiro 1970)

An internal conflict theory of state origins (Diakonoff 1969)

Segmentary kinship structure

Genealogical map of a Tiv compound

Scheme of ranking of chiefly ramage

Ordinary Jinghpaw system

The political economy of the minimal segment

The hierarchy of nats (spirits)

Gumsa incorporation of village nats

Gumsa domain: structure and marriage relations

Internal expansion of the gumsa domain and its contradictions

The long cycle of declining productivity

Topological transformation, Kachin-Chin

Shang economic classes in agricultural production

Archaeological cultures and evolutionary stages in China and Mesopotamia

Forces of production

Relations of production

Model of mode of production for foraging societies

The mode of production of a chiefdom

The Asiatic mode of production

Relations of ownership in the pyramidal state

Relations of production, subordination, and stratification in Mesopotamia

Typical inscription from an oracle bone

Cosmic order

The political dialectic of the state

The arena of contest-exchanges

Variations in the discharge of the Tigris and the Euphrates, 192547

The differentiation of old world farming systems

Disposition of production by ruling class and the state

List of maps

0.1 Topography of the Ancient Near East

Some prehistoric and early historic sites in the Near East

The reliable 200 mm isohyet in Mesopotamia

Natural or climax vegetation of the eastern Mediterranean region

Zones of natural state or climax vegetation in Iraq

Natural distribution of wild barley

Natural distribution of wild einkorn

Natural distribution of wild emmer

Natural distribution of Bos primigenius

Distribution of Capra hircus

Distribution of Ovis ammon

Probable distributions of four main progenitors of domestic livestock

The site and situation of Tell Mureybet on the Euphrates

Khuzistan, showing topographic detail

The Plain of Deh Luran in Khuzistan

Jemdet Nasr period settlement patterns

Watercourses and settlement in Early Dynastic Sumer

Approximate limits of the dimorphic zone

The hill peoples of the Burma frontier

Regional conditions during the Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene in the Near East

Sites of the earliest finds of domesticated animals

The centres and routes of transmission of early scripts

List of tables

Temperature and precipitation

Comparative productivity of some North American ecosystems

Nutritional values of wild and domesticated wheats

Approximate ages of the phases in Deh Luran and their relation to 103 periods designated in other areas

Calculation of the population of the Near East at 1,000-year intervals 118 for various rates of increase, assuming a base population of 100,000

Calculation of the population of the Near East at 1,000-year intervals 119 for various rates of increase, assuming a base population of 50,000

Changing characteristics of late prehistoric and protohistoric settlement enclaves

Primary subsistence source by latitude

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