Jacqueline Anne Braveboy-Wagner - The Caribbean in World Affairs: The Foreign Policies of the English-Speaking States

Editorial Advisory Board

General Editor, Heraldo Muoz, IEI-Universidad de Chile and CERC-Academia de Humanismo Cristiano, Chile

Carlos Fortin, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, England

Wolf Grabendorff, Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, West Germany

Abraham Lowenthal, The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, USA

Luis Maira, Instituto de Estudios de Estados Unidos, CIDE, Mexico

Ali Mazrui, University of Michigan, USA, and Department of Political Science, University of Jos, Nigeria

R. Narayanan, School of International Affairs, Jawaharlal Nehru University, India

Michael Chege, Diplomacy Training Programme, University of Nairobi, Kenya

The Foreign Policies of the English-Speaking States

Jacqueline Anne Braveboy-Wagner

First published 1989 by Westview Press, Inc.

Published 2019 by Routledge
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Braveboy-Wagner, Jacqueline Anne.
The Caribbean in world affairs.
(Foreign relations of Latin America series)
Includes index.
1. West Indies, BritishForeign relationsResearch.
I. Title. II. Series.
JX1524.B73 1989 327'.09729 88-33783

ISBN 13: 978-0-367-29053-5 (hbk)

This book is intended not so much to supply new information concerning the external activities of the English-speaking Caribbean countries as to fill a large gap in the growing literature on the subject by integrating the known information into an analytical framework or model as a first step toward theory building. As such, the book complements the descriptive works on the Caribbean that are already available or in production. The book is also intended to reach the broader audience of those interested in small-state foreign policy in general, that is, those persons to whom the formulation of a model is useful in facilitating comparisons with other countries of similar size. Note that the aim is not to build a "grand theory" of small-state or Caribbean foreign policy, but rather to modify existing middle-range theories of international relations to suit the Caribbean region.

For readers unfamiliar with the region under study, a few explanatory notes are in order concerning the names of countries. Antigua and Barbuda is the full name of the country usually referred to in the book simply as Antigua. Saint Lucia is the preferred spelling for St. Lucia, but the second, more familiar spelling is frequently used in the text for reasons of brevity. Similarly, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is generally abbreviated to St. Vincent. The country St. Christopher/Nevis is widely known in the Caribbean as St. Kitts/Nevis or simply St. Kitts, and these names are used interchangeably in the book. Finally, Trinidad and Tobago is often abbreviated in the text to Trinidad/Tobago or simply Trinidad. Related to the issue of country names is the designation used to refer to the administrative units in charge of foreign affairs in these territories. These units are formally called either Ministries of External Affairs or Ministries of Foreign Affairs. These terms are used interchangeably in the text, along with the broader designation "foreign ministry."

The research for this book was conducted primarily under a grant from the Research Foundation of the City University of New York. I am indebted to so many people for their assistance that I can name only a few here. Those not mentioned are, however, well remembered. I would like to thank first my good friends in the various diplomatic services for help cheerfully given; Marina Valere and Patrick Edwards (Trinidad and Tobago); Gloria Payne-Banfield (Grenada); Myron Dellimore (St. Vincent); Peter Laurie (Barbados); and Marilyn Zonicle (Bahamas), who came through with information solicited at the last minute. In addition, I must acknowledge the special help of Noel Sinclair (Guyana), who took time from his busy schedule while permanent representative to the U.N. to assist me generously. The Antiguan mission to the U.N. was also very cooperative, and I thank former Ambassador Lloydstone Jacobs and his wife. My stay in Saint Lucia was made most pleasant and intellectually rewarding through the cooperation of Earl Huntley from the Ministry of External Affairs. Other help that I would like to acknowledge came from Cecil John (St. Vincent); Lamuel Stanislaus, Ben Jones, and Denneth Modeste (Grenada); Harley Moseley, Sr. (Barbados); Colin Granderson (Trinidad); Patricia Durrant (Jamaica); Hillary Harker, the librarian at the Jamaican U.N. mission; Valerie McComie (Organization of American States); and Janet Bacon, who delved into the archives at the British Information Services. As noted in the relevant section, Humberto Garcia Muniz supplied considerable information on the military aspects of Caribbean external policy.

I must mention here that Caribbean foreign policy bureaucrats are extremely suspicious of researchers, especially fellow Caribbeaners bearing long, probing questionnaires. I hope that this book will help them to understand the need for more cooperation between academics and practitioners. Nevertheless, and in fact because of this, I would like to give special thanks to those persons who took time to complete and return my questionnaires, which were distributed to U.N. personnel. The only mission that was truly uncooperative was that of Belize. Fortunately, the Belize embassy in Washington, under Ambassador E. Laing, helped fill the gap.

I would like also to thank the students in my graduate class on Caribbean foreign policy in the Ph.D. program at the City University of New York. They helped clarify my ideas and sometimes supplemented my research. I must also indicate my appreciation for the efforts of my erstwhile assistant, Pius Bannis. Thanks too to Emily Hoffman and Allison Woods, who typed the tables and figures, and to the various editors at Westview, Barbara Ellington, Bruce Kellison, and especially Ida May Norton and Jane Raese. Finally, I wish to thank my husband, Jeffrey, and children, Justin and Jeremy, who put up with tremendous inconveniences and postponed family outings during the writing of this book. As has been the case with my other books, my husband, Jeffrey, has provided logistical and evaluative, as well as emotional, support. To the three Js, this book is dedicated, as well as to my Caribbean family who provided me with useful tipsHilton and Josephine, as well as Kenneth S.

Jacqueline Anne Braveboy-Wagner