John Clearwater - U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Canada

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U.S. NUCLEAR WEAPONS IN CANADA

To:

T. Murray and Ollie

U.S. NUCLEAR WEAPONS IN CANADA

JOHN CLEARWATER

Copyright John Clearwater 1999

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise (except for brief passages for purposes of review) without the prior permission of Dundurn Press. Permission to photocopy should be requested from the Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency.

Publisher: J.Kirk Howard

Editor: Wendy Thomas

Design: Jennifer Scott

Printer: Transcontinental Printing, Inc.

Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data

Clearwater, John

U.S. nuclear weapons in Canada

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 1-55002-329-2

1. Nuclear weapons Canada History. 2. Nuclear weapons United States History. 3. Canada Military relations United States. 4. United States Military relations Canada. I. Title.

U264.5.C535 1999355.8251190971C99-932276-1

123450302010099

We acknowledge the support of the Canada Council for the Arts for our publishing program. We also acknowledge the support of the Ontario Arts Council. We acknowledge the financial support of the Government of Canada through the Book Publishing Industry Development Program (BPIDP) for our publishing activities.

Care has been taken to trace the ownership of copyright material used in this book. The author and the publisher welcome any information enabling them to rectify any references or credit in subsequent editions.

J. Kirk Howard, President

Printed and bound in Canada. Printed on recycled paper.

www.dundurn.com

Dundurn Press

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Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Dundurn Press

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England

OX3 7AD

Dundurn Press

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Table of Contents

Acknowledgments

I am indebted to the staff of the National Defence Directorate of History and Heritage (DHH) in Ottawa for allowing me access to their superb collection. My special thanks go to Isabel Campbell, who is not only a fine historian of military activities, but is also a Newfoundlander, and who was able to provide valuable insights.

Very important in the formulation of this book were BJ Petzinger, DAIP, and all her staff at National Defence Headquarters in Ottawa. I give thanks to all of them, and gratefully acknowledge their assistance in the first and second volumes of this series.

I appreciate the work done on my behalf by the Government Archives Division of the National Archives of Canada. The staff in the Reading Room at the Archives has also been terrific in putting up with myriad requests. However, the Access to Information staff at the Archives has recently adopted a policy of charging applicants for all manner of document processing, thereby cutting off all but the richest requesters from the use of the so-called national historical records. This policy has been supported by the Minister for Canadian Heritage, Sheila Copps. In the course of writing this book, I brought a federal court case against the minister for obstructing access to vital records of the government under the Access to Information Act.

The Department of Foreign Affairs, formerly External Affairs, provided me with superb support. Most External Affairs documents used in this study were gathered for my previous book, Canadian Nuclear Weapons, when I was accepted into their Academic Access Programme. I give great thanks to Saul Grey for his perseverence in seeking both Canadian and U.S. release of the documents.

The Access to Information section in the Prime Ministers Office and Privy Council Office provided a great deal of help to this project. They were able to give me minutes of both full cabinet meetings and of Cabinet Defence Committee meetings at which nuclear weapons for both Canada and U.S. forces in Canada were discussed. Cuiuneas Boyle, another Newfoundlander, and her staff have never been anything but completely forthcoming with aid and information. I appreciate all their hard work and note that important sections of this book would not have been possible without their input.

I thank the DND Public Affairs office and National Defence Photo Unit for the use of the photographs in this book.

In the United States I received assistance from three vastly different sources. The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration was able to provide State Department records for the 1950s and 1960s, while the non-governmental National Security Archive in Washington allowed me to browse their files on their past and upcoming nuclear weapons history project. The U.S. Air Force was also helpful in that the staff at the USAF Historical Research Agency in Montgomery, Alabama, showed me files on USAF nuclear support units.

On the non-governmental side, I thank Pablo Zeiss of Winnipeg for his wonderful line drawings of airfields and bunkers. He is a skilled draftsman and gentleman.

Last, I express my gratitude to Sharpsword.

Acronyms

ADC	Air Defence Command (RCAF or USAF)
AFB	Air Force Base (USAF)
ALCOP	Alternate Command Post
AOC	Air Officer Commanding
ASW	Anti-submarine warfare
AUW	Advanced Underwater Weapons
BMEWS	Ballistic Missile Early Warning System
BUIC	Back-Up Interceptor Control
CAF	Canadian Armed Forces
CAS	Chief of the Air Staff (RCAF)
CDC	Cabinet Defence Committee
CDS	Chief of Defence Staff
CF	Canadian Forces
CFB	Canadian Forces Base
CGS	Chief of the General Staff
CI	Capability Inspection
CINC	Commander-in-Chief
CONAD	Continental Air Defense (USAF)
DefCon	Defense Condition
Det	Detachment (USAF)
DEW	Distant Early Warning (Line)
Dhist	Directorate of History
DND	Department of National Defence

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