Roy Richard Grinker - Houses in the rain forest: ethnicity and inequality among farmers and foragers in Central Africa

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title	:	Houses in the Rain Forest : Ethnicity and Inequality Among Farmers and Foragers in Central Africa
author	:	Grinker, Roy Richard.
publisher	:	University of California Press
isbn10 | asin	:
print isbn13	:	9780520089754
ebook isbn13	:	9780585129785
language	:	English
subject	Efe (African people)--Hunting, Efe (African people)--Ethnic identity, Hunting and gathering societies--Congo (Democratic Republic)--Ituri Forest, Lese (African people)--Agriculture, Lese (African people)--Ethnic identity, Agriculture--Social aspects--Cong
publication date	:	1994
lcc	:	DT650.E34G75 1994eb
ddc	:	305.8/00967515
subject	:	Efe (African people)--Hunting, Efe (African people)--Ethnic identity, Hunting and gathering societies--Congo (Democratic Republic)--Ituri Forest, Lese (African people)--Agriculture, Lese (African people)--Ethnic identity, Agriculture--Social aspects--Cong

Page iii Houses in the Rain Forest Ethnicity and Inequality among Farmers and Foragers in Central Africa Roy Richard Grinker UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BerkeleyLos AngelesLondon

Page iv The publisher gratefully acknowledges permission to reprint two essays that appear here in slightly altered form from their original publication; they appeared as "Images of Denigration" in American Ethnologist 17:1 (February 1990), and "Houses, Clans, and Cloth" in Museum Anthropology 16:3 (October 1993). Both are reproduced by permission of the American Anthropological Association. Not for further reproduction. University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press London, England Copyright 1994 by The Regents of the University of California Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Grinker, Roy R. (Roy Richard), 1900 Houses in the rain forest : ethnicity and inequality among farmers and foragers in Central Africa / Roy Richard Grinker. p.cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 0-520-08357-1 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 0-520-08975-8 (pbk.) 1. Efe (African people)Hunting. 2. Efe (African people)Ethnic identity. 3. Hunting and gathering societiesZaireIturi Forest. 4. Lese (African people)Agriculture. 5. Lese (African people) Ethnic identity. 6. AgricultureSocial aspectsZaireIturi Forest. 7. Ituri Forest (Zaire)Ethnic relations. I. Title. II. Title : Houses in the rainforest. DT650.E34G75 1994 305.8'00967515dc20 93-36600 CIP Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information SciencesPermanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984

Page v To Joyce Y. Chung and to Irven De Vore

Page vii Contents Preface ix Acknowledgments xv Note on Language and Orthography xvii 1. Introduction: From Tribes to Ethnic Groups 1 2. The History and Isolation of the Lese 18 3. Gender and Ethnicity 73 4. The House and the Economy 110 5. Witchcraft and the Opposition of Houses 161 6. Conclusion: A Union of Opposites 194 References 207 Index 219

Page ix Preface The pair were undoubtedly man and woman. In him was a mimicked dignity, as of Adam; in her the womanliness of a miniature Eve. Henry Morton Stanley, 1891. In Darkest Africa, vol. 2:44, on the appearance of an Mbuti [Pygmy] man and his wife Although this book is not primarily about foragers, it grew out of my participation in a longitudinal investigation of the Efe (Pygmy) foragers of northeastern Zaire: the Harvard Ituri Project. Since 1980, Irven DeVore has led a series of researchers to explore questions regarding the health, nutrition, demography, child development, and ecology of the Efe, and, to a lesser extent, of the Lese, their farmer neighbors. Despite greater emphasis on the Efe, few of us were able to exclude the Lese from our analyses, for each group is an important constituent of the other, and they are deeply interconnected in every area of social life. I owe my focus on the Lese not only to the wide-ranging and interdisciplinary research of the Ituri project but to the work of anthropologists who criticize the anthropological fascination with foragers as windows to the Paleolithic, as living fossils, or models of a lost prelapsarian past. R. K. Dentan (1988), C. Schrire (1984), E. Wilmsen (1990), Wilmsen and J. R. Denbow (1990), and H. Vierich (1982) are just a few of those who argue that foragers have a history, that they are intimately involved with farmers and pastoralists, and that the search for a "pure" hunting and gathering society is illusory. As Vierich argues in describing the Basarwa of Botswana, "If the hunting and gathering way of life has survived in the Kalahari it is not because of isolation" (1982:213). The various Pygmy groups, and the San, living in the heart of Africa, where we now locate our human origins, have been seen to exemplify the purest forms of a timeless hunting and gathering way of life shared by the first human beings, and yet we know that they live side by side with

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