Guy Arnold - World Strategic Highways

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WORLD STRATEGIC HIGHWAYS

WORLD STRATEGIC HIGHWAYS

Guy Arnold

First published 2000 by Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers

Published 2013 by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

711 Third Avenue, New York, NY, 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Guy Arnold 2000

All rights reserved, including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data.

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

A Cataloging-in-Publication record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

ISBN 13: 978-1-579-58098-8 (hbk)

Cover designed by Philip Lewis

Cartography by Map Creation Ltd, Maidenhead, Berkshire

CONTENTS

Figures

Cross-section of the St Lawrence Seaway

The Eurotunnel system

Maps

The Alaska Highway

The Alaska Pipeline

The Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) and the Trans-Canada Highway

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 1994

The St Lawrence Seaway

The MississippiMissouri Basin

The Rio Grande

The Panama Canal divide

The Panama Canal

The Amazon

The Paran

The English Channel and the North Sea

The Channel

Transport systems on both sides of the Channel

The Rhine

The Danube

The Mediterranean

The Dardanelles

The Dardanelles and the Black Sea

The Nile Basin

Control of the Nile waters

The Nigers course through West Africa

The Niger in Nigeria

Ethiopia: a country in search of secure highways

The Congo River and rail system

The Zambezi River

The frontline Zambezi

Southern Africa in 1975

TanzaniaZambia line of rail

Mozambiques strategic importance

The Beira Corridor in southern Africa

The Beira Corridor

The Trans-KalahariMaputo Road

The Maputo Corridor

The Benguela Railway in 1975

The BOTZAM Road

The South African network

The Suez Canal

The Suez Canal and the surrounding countries

The River Jordan

The TigrisEuphrates system

The direction of Gulf oil exports

Oilfields and pipelines

The Volga system

The Don Canal

The Trans-Siberian Railway

The Chinese Eastern Railway

Russias three Siberian rivers

The Khyber Pass

The Indus

The Karakoram Highway

The GangesBrahmaputra Basin

The Mekong

Cambodia and the Sap Lake

Singapore

The Yangtze

The Three Gorges Dam project

The Yellow River

The Silk Road

The Great Wall of China

The worlds landlocked countries

The United States top 24 airports

The worlds leading airports

Drugs: the main source countries

The Eastern Caribbean

Contraband trade routes

Morocco: cannabis to Europe

Tables

NAFTA GDPs in 1998

Cargo tonnage handled by the St Lawrence Seaway in 1997 and 1998

The Panama Canal: transit statistics, 198397

Distances via the Cape sea route and the Suez Canal

Gulf oil reserves (percentage of world reserves) at December 1998

Total cargo in the Port of Singapore, 199799

Total container throughput in the Port of Singapore, 199799

The Three Gorges Dam: vital statistics

Muslim populations of five former Soviet Republics

The per capita GNP of the worlds landlocked countries

Worldwide passenger and airfreight movements during 1998

Leading US and world airports

Arnold, Guy and Ruth Weiss, Strategic Highways of Africa, London: Julian Friedmann, and New York: St Martins Press, 1977

Atlas Jeune Afrique, The African Continent, Paris: Jeune Afrique, 1973

Barbour, K. M. et al., editors, Nigeria in Maps, London: Hodder and Stoughton, and New York: Africana, 1982

Barraclough, Geoffrey, editor, The Times Atlas of World History, London: Times Books, and Maplewood, NJ: Hammond, 1978

Encyclopedia Britannica, 15th edn, Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1989 [For statistical information relative to river flows, etc.]

Eurotunnel, PLC and SA, 1997 [Annual report]

Harmon, Tupper, To the Great Ocean: Siberia and the Trans-Siberian Railway, London: Secker and Warburg, and Boston: Little Brown, 1965

Lum, Peter, The Purple Barrier: The Story of the Great Wall of China, London: Robert Hale, 1960

Philips Concise World Atlas, London: Philips, 1998

Websters Atlas of World Geography, New Canadian Edition, Toronto: Doubleday Canada, 1977

Much recent information has been culled from the press, journals and the internet.

The term strategic is normally associated with warfare; in the more general sense used in this book it applies to any highway whose existence and maintenance is seen to have a vital bearing upon the economic and security well-being of a country or group of countries. At one level, any important highway within the confines of a single state may be regarded as having strategic importance if it bears a sufficiently large share of everyday transit, whether of people or goods. Major roads, railways or rivers are the arteries of the nation-state.

In the strategic thinking of Germany and France prior to the First and Second World Wars, roads and, still more, railways dictated where armies would move and how campaigns would be conducted. In fact, through much of history roads whose directions have been dictated by geography, rivers and, later, railways have been the arteries that have directed military campaigns. Today, in an era of fast-moving change, the notion that security depends upon controlling particular highways may appear to be obsolete, or at least less relevant than formerly. Air power has seen to that. Yet people and goods still follow the most convenient routes and many of these have hardly changed in centuries.

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