Kjetil Tronvoll - The African Garrison State: Human Rights & Political Development in Eritrea

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When Eritrea gained independence in 1991, hopes were high for its transformation. In two decades, however, it became one of the most repressive in the world, effectively a militarised garrison state. This comprehensive and detailed analysis examines how the prospects for democracy in the new state turned to ashes, reviewing its development, and in particular the loss of human rights and the state's political organisation. Beginning with judicial development in independent Eritrea, subsequent chapters scrutinise the rule of law and the court system; the hobbled process of democratisation, and the curtailment of civil society; the Eritrean prison system and everyday life of detention and disappearances; and the situation of minorities in the country, first in general terms and then through exploration of a case study of the Kunama ethnic group. While the situation is bleak, it is not without hope, however: the conclusion focuses on opposition to the current regime, and offers scenarios of regime change and how the coming of a second republic may yet reconfigure Eritrea politically.

Kjetil Tronvoll is Professor of Peace and Conflict Studies at Bjoerknes College, founding and senior partner of the International Law and Policy Institute, Oslo, and a former Professor of Human Rights at the University of Oslo; Daniel R. Mekonnen is Senior Legal Advisor, International Law and Policy Institute, Oslo, and former Judge of the Zoba Maekel Provincial Court in Eritrea.

2015 CHOICE Outstanding Academic Title.

The book will be well received by a wider readership, particularly among students of African regimes It will certainly stimulate and inform an ongoing debate on the national identity and constitutional future of Eritrea. AFRICAN STUDIES QUARTERLY.

This fantastically dense, thorough, rich, comprehensive tome breaks down Eritrean contemporary statehood and civil society in a way that should be copied as a model for modern political/national security case studies. Highly recommended. CHOICE.

Womens Land Rights & Privatization in Eastern Africa BIRGIT ENGLERT & ELIZABETH DALEY (EDS) War & the Politics of Identity in Ethiopia KJETIL TRONVOLL Moving People in Ethiopia ALULA PANKHURST & FRANOIS PIGUET (EDS) Living Terraces in Ethiopia ELIZABETH E. WATSON The Eritrean National Service & Eritrea GAIM KIBREAB Borders & Borderlands as Resources in the Horn of Africa DEREJE FEYISSA & MARKUS VIRGIL HOEHNE (EDS) After the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Sudan ELKE GRAWERT (ED.) Land, Governance, Conflict & the Nuba of Sudan GUMA KUNDA KOMEY Ethiopia JOHN MARKAKIS Resurrecting Cannibals HEIKE BEHREND Pastoralism & Politics in Northern Kenya & Southern Ethiopia G NTHER SCHLEE & ABDULLAHI A. SHONGOLO Islam & Ethnicity in Northern Kenya & Southern Ethiopia G NTHER SCHLEE with ABDULLAHI A. SHONGOLO Foundations of an African Civilisation DAVID W. PHILLIPSON

Regional Integration, Identity & Citizenship in the Greater Horn of Africa KIDANE MENGISTEAB & REDIE BEREKETEAB (EDS) Dealing with Government in South Sudan CHERRY LEONARDI The Quest for Socialist Utopia BAHRU ZEWDE Disrupting Territories JRG GERTEL, RICHARD ROTTEBURG & SANDRA CALKINS (EDS) The African Garrison State KJETIL TRONVOLL & DANIEL R. MEKONNEN The State of Post-conflict Reconstruction NASEEM BADIEY Gender, Home & Identity KATARZYNA GRABSKA Women, Land & Justice in Tanzania HELEN DANCER Remaking Mutirikwi JOOST FONTEIN Lost Nationalism ELENA VEZZADINI The Oromo & the Christian Kingdom of Ethiopia MOHAMMED HASSEN Darfur CHRIS VAUGHAN Ploughing New Ground* GETNET BEKELE Hawks & Doves in Sudans Armed Conflict* SUAD MUSA *forthcoming

Contents

Acronyms & Abbreviations

ACHPR	African Commission on Human and Peoples Rights
African Charter	African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights
AFP	Agence France-Presse
AI	Amnesty International
AU	African Union
BIA	Border and Immigration Agency
CPJ	Committee to Protect Journalists
DMLEK	Democratic Movement for the Liberation of the Eritrean Kunama
EDRM	Eritrean Democratic Resistance Movement Gash Setit
EIJM	Eritrean Islamic Jihad Movement
EIPJD	Eritrean Islamic Party for Justice and Development
EIRM	Eritrean Islamic Reform Movement
EISM	Eritrean Islamic Salvation Movement
ELF	Eritrean Liberation Front
EPLF	Eritrean Peoples Liberation Front
EU	European Union
HRW	Human Rights Watch
ICCPR	International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
ICG	International Crisis Group
IGAD	Inter-Governmental Authority on Development
MDG	Millennium Development Goals
NDFLDS	National Democratic Front for the Liberation of the Eritrean Saho
NSO	National Security Office
PFDJ	Peoples Front for Democracy and Justice
RSADO	Red Sea Afar Democratic Organisation
RWB	Reporters without Borders
UDHR	Universal Declaration of Human Rights
UNDP	United Nations Development Programme
UNHCR	United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
UNOVER	United Nations Observer Mission to Verify the Referendum in Eritrea
USCIS	US Citizenship and Immigration Services
USSD	United States State Department
VOA	Voice of America
WB	World Bank

Preface

This book is based upon the authors long-term research and advocacy work for human rights in Eritrea. The direct inspiration for the book is a commissioned study undertaken by Kjetil Tronvoll on behalf of the Oslo Centre for Peace and Human Rights in 2009. The President of the Oslo Centre, Mr Kjell Magne Bondevik, former Prime Minister of Norway, had at that time just stepped down as a UN Special Envoy to the Horn of Africa and wanted to continue his human rights engagement in the region thus commissioning a report on the dire situation in Eritrea. Thanks are thus due to Mr Bondevik and the Oslo Centre for commissioning the initial report. This book, however, is based upon an expanded and updated manuscript.

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