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Book:
Government and Administration of the United States
Author:
William F Willoughby / Westel Woodbury Willoughby
Publisher:
Good Press
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Books / Politics
Year:
2019
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JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY STUDIES IN HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCE

HERBERT B. ADAMS, Editor

History is past Politics and Politics present HistoryFreeman

NINTH SERIES I-II

GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION OF THE UNITED STATES

WESTEL W. WILLOUGHBY, A.B. Fellow in History

AND

WILLIAM F. WILLOUGHBY, A.B. U.S. Department of Labor

1801

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Chapters.

I. Preface

II. Government
Monarchy
Absolute
Limited
Aristocracy
Democracy
Republic
Popular Government

III. Functions of Government
Necessary
Optional

IV. Colonial Governments: Their Relation to Each
Other, and to England
Provincial
Proprietary
Charter

V. Steps Toward UnionArticles of Confederation
New England Confederation
Albany Convention
Stamp Act Congress
First Continental Congress
Second Continental Congress
Articles of Confederation
Elements Tending to Separation and to Union
Purposes of the Confederation
Scheme of Government under the Articles
Defects of the Articles

VI. Adoption of the Constitution
The Constitutional Convention
Arguments For and Against Adoption

VII. Presidential Succession

VIII. Election of Senators

IX. Congressional Government

X. Cabinet and Executive Departments
State Department
Treasury Department
War Department
Navy Department
Interior Department
Commissioner of Land Office
Commissioner of Pensions
Commissioner of Patents
Commissioner of Indian Affairs
Bureau of Education
Commissioner of Railroads
Geological Survey
Superintendent of the Census
Post Office Department
Department of Justice
Department of Agriculture
Department of Labor
Interstate Commerce Commission
Fish Commission
Civil Service Commission
Government Printing Office
National Museum, Smithsonian Institution, and Bureau
of Ethnology
Librarian of Congress

XI. The Federal Judiciary
Federal Judicial System
District Courts
Circuit Courts
Jurisdiction

XII. Ordinance for Government of the Northwest Territory

XIII. Government of Territories
Admission of a Territory as a State

XIV. State Governments
State Constitutions
State Legislatures
State Executives
State Judiciary

XV. Local Government
In New England
In the South
In the West

XVI. City Government

XVII. Government Revenue and Expenditure
Federal Government
State and Local Taxes
Expenditures
Maryland
Baltimore

XVIII. Money
Gold Coin, Gold Bullion, and Gold Certificates
Silver Dollars and Silver Certificates
Subsidiary and Minor Coins
Treasury Notes
Notes of National Banks

XIX. Public Lands of the United States
Educational Grants
Land Bounties for Military and Naval Service
Land Grants to States for Internal Improvement
Sale of Public Land
Under Pre-emption Acts
Under Homestead Acts
Under Timber Culture Act
Certain Lands to States
Grants to Pacific and other Railroads

XX. Reconstruction

XXI. Party Machinery

XXII. National Conventions and Presidential Campaigns
History and Development of the National Convention
Method of Procedure

XXIII. Introduction to the Study of the History of
Political Parties in the United States

Bibliographical Note

GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION OF THE UNITED STATES.

CHAPTER I.

Preface.

These chapters were originally prepared for and used as a manual in the public schools of the District of Columbia. In a revised and amplified form they are now published as one of Johns Hopkins University Studies in History and Politics.

The aim of this revision is to furnish assistance to students beginning the study of the history and practical workings of our political institutions. It is not the purpose to furnish a complete text-book upon the government of the United States and its administration, but, by a clear, concise statement of the salient points of our federal system, and a description of the actual workings of the characteristic features of our institutions, to give to the student a better understanding of the manner in which the same are administered, than is to be obtained from the ordinary text-books on Civil Government.

These Outlines are intended as an aid to both teacher and pupil, and for use in a class whose members are already familiar with the leading events and names in United States history. The work is intended to furnish such supplementary information as can be obtained only with great difficulty by most teachers, and which for the most part cannot be obtained at all by the pupils.

The authors have endeavored to make prominent the fact that our present form of government is far from being contained in the written constitution of 1787, and consequently, that a study of that instrument alone will give a very inadequate idea of our government as it is. The constitution was but a foundation upon which to build a government.

Nothing like an analysis or commentary upon the constitution of the United States is here attempted. The public is already well supplied with books covering that ground. History proper, except as showing the basis and reason for the establishment of our institutions, has likewise found no place here.

The book is to be used chiefly as a manual, to supply information that would otherwise need to be dictated by the instructor. The Outlines are in many particulars merely suggestive. Many topics are simply mentioned, which the teacher must elaborate and explain at greater length.

Lastly, though this book does not pretend to give a connected account of our administration or politics, yet the subjects have been carefully arranged in such an order as would most naturally be followed in a course to which the work is intended to be an aid.

CHAPTER II.

Government.

From the earliest times of which history furnishes authentic record, and in all countries inhabited by man, people have found it necessary to bind themselves together by civic regulations so that certain things may be done by all in commonin short, to establish some form of government.

Now, as has always been the case, there are certain things which, from their very nature, cannot be left to each individual to do, or not to do, as he may choose, or to do in his own way. First of all, there is the necessity of some means by which the weak may be protected from the strong. The individual must be protected in his life and liberty, and there must be some guarantee to him, that if he is industrious the enjoyment of the product of his labor will be secured to him. Human nature being imperfect, disputes and injustice are sure to arise. Hence comes the necessity of some power above the citizens and able to command their obedience, some power that can administer justice according to the rights and not according to the strength of individuals.

To thus control the actions of individuals, this power above the citizens, this government, must possess functions of three kinds. First, legislative power, or power to declare the rules of conduct to which the citizen must conform; second, judicial power, or power to interpret and declare the true meaning of these rules, and to apply them to the particular cases that may arise; and third, the executive power, or power to carry into execution these laws, and to enforce the obedience of the citizens.

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