Justin Podur - Haitis New Dictatorship: The Coup, the Earthquake and the Un Occupation

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Haitis New Dictatorship

First published 2012 by Pluto Press
345 Archway Road, London N6 5AA
www.plutobooks.com

Distributed in the United States of America exclusively by
Palgrave Macmillan, a division of St. Martins Press LLC,
175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010

First published in Canada in 2012 by Between the Lines
401 Richmond Street West, Studio 277, Toronto, Ontario, M5V 3A8, Canada
1-800-718-7201
www.btlbooks.com

Copyright Justin Podur 2012

The right of Justin Podur to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

In Canada no part of this publication may be photocopied, reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without the written permission of Between the Lines, or (for photocopying in Canada only) Access Copyright, 1 Yonge Street, Suite 1900, Toronto, Ontario, M5E 1E5.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication
Podur, Justin J. (Justin Joseph), 1977-

Haitis new dictatorship : the coup, the earthquake and the

UN occupation / Justin Podur.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Co-published by: Pluto Press.
ISBN 978-1-77113-033-2
1. HaitiHistory21st century. 2. Haiti Earthquake, Haiti, 2010.
3. HaitiPolitics and government21st century. 4. United NationsHaiti.
5. Nation-buildingHaiti. I. Title.
F1928.2.P63 2012 972.94073 C2012-903554-8

ISBN 978 0 7453 3258 1 Hardback
ISBN 978 0 7453 3257 4 Paperback (Pluto Press)
ISBN 978 1 77113 033 2 Paperback (Between the Lines)
ISBN 978 1 8496 4782 3 PDF eBook
ISBN 978 1 8496 4784 7 Kindle eBook
ISBN 978 1 8496 4783 0 EPUB eBook

Between the Lines gratefully acknowledges assistance for its publishing activities from the Canada Council for the Arts, the Ontario Arts Council, the Government of Ontario through the Ontario Book Publishers Tax Credit program, and the Government of Canada through the Canada Book Fund.

This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental standards of the country of origin.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Designed and produced for Pluto Press by Swales & Willis
Simultaneously printed digitally by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham, UK and
Edwards Bros in the United States of America

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to dedicate the book to Samba Boukman, Jean Ristil, and Fr. Grard Jean-Juste, all of whom were dedicated to trying to get the truth of Haiti heard, all of whose voices are missed.

Patrick Elie is probably the single person who advanced my understanding of Haiti the most, but he is not alone. When I read Peter Hallwards Option Zero in NLR, I felt huge relief that someone at least understood what was going on. I had a similar feeling reading Kevin Pinas articles in the Black Commentator as the 2003/4 coup was unfolding. I also owe huge debts to Paul Christian, Rea Dol, Isabel MacDonald, Isabeau Doucet, Jean St Vil, Kevin Skerrett, Roger Annis, Kim Ives, Brian Concannon Jr, and Marguerite Laurent. Since the earthquake, an indispensable source is Ansel Herz, and I got to spend a week with him in Port au Prince in 2011. Tim Schwartz sharpened my thinking a lot and provided amazing examples. I wouldnt miss anything Paul Farmer wrote on Haiti, though I have never met him. People I disagree with now, but whose writing was a big help to me and whose books I will always recommend, include Amy Wilentz and Alex Dupuy.

I first traveled to Haiti with Andrea Schmidt and Anthony Fenton Andrea and Anthony were among the first, and most helpful, readers of this manuscript, before it was even a book. Dan Freeman-Maloy helped ensure that it actually got out and so, in an unexpected way, did Shouri and Fabulous. Michael Albert, Cynthia Peters, Stephen Shalom, Chris Spannos, and Noam Chomsky all supported, inspired, and advised pretty well constantly sometimes after pestering, sometimes unsolicited. So did Manuel Rozental, Micheal OTuathail, Erwin Blanco, Tarek and Mohammed Loubani, Hector Mondragon, Rahul Mahajan, Bob Jensen, Mike Denyszyn, Niiti Simmonds, Naomi Klein, Clare OConnor, and adopted uncle Badri Raina. David Castle believed in the book and I hope to work with him and Pluto in the future.

I counted on professional support from my colleagues at FES, and York generally, throughout most of these years, but it was the flexibility of my PhD supervisor David Martell from 1999 on that made it possible for me to do this work at all. My family Varghese and Hilaria, Sunitha and Tyson, Maya and Max were always there, as were additional extended family like Dave and Lidija, Andrew, Lawrence, Anthony, Uyen, Chris, Brad, Faith, Pete.

Khalida talked me out of giving up more than once and generally inspires everything.

raffazia, I hope you enjoy the finished product.

FOREWORD

In this world of globalized capitalism and U.S.-led intervention, dictatorship is called democracy and enslavement is named freedom. Nowhere is the cynical duplicity of the twenty-first century world order more apparent than in the travails of the Haitian people. This is a people who rose up in revolution two hundred years ago to throw off the shackles of slavery and who have not stopped struggling since to achieve a better life and defend its dignity, all the while in the face of successive dictatorships and foreign predation.

Justin Podur now offers us a study on this struggle in its contemporary manifestations, examining the crucial period from 1991 to 2010. He traces the rise of the Lavalas movement of the poor majority under the leadership of Jean-Bertrand Aristide and the implacable campaigns waged by the United States and other foreign agents to destroy this movement, overthrow Aristide, and reconstitute the power of a tiny local elite. He unmasks the transnationalization of U.S. intervention under the banner of donors, the United Nations, other international agencies, and the global media monopoly.

The machinations of power and domination include state and paramilitary terrorism against the popular movement, systematic human rights violations, UN occupation, the orchestration of electoral shams, disinformation campaigns, and economic blackmail. Beyond those interested in contemporary Caribbean affairs, this book is a must read for anyone who wishes to understand the new face of dictatorship in this twenty-first century global order.

Professor William I. Robinson
University of California, Santa Barbara

INTRODUCTION

Haitians have lived under dictatorships for much of their recent history. As dictatorships do, they terrorized the population, bankrupted the treasury, and caused lasting damage to society. Haitis best-known twentieth century dictators were the Duvaliers, Papa Doc and Baby Doc. Under them, the country was ruled arbitrarily, without a consistent rule of law. Terror was used as a weapon of control against the population, who had no say in their own political or economic affairs. Paramilitaries, called the Tonton Macoutes after a character in traditional Haitian stories, were the ubiquitous symbol of dictatorship. Along with Section Chiefs, the Duvaliers used the Macoutes to terrorize and control Haitians lives in detail. The nightmare of the Duvalier dictatorships ended in 1986, when a popular movement, which came to be known as Lavalas (the flood in Haitian Kreyol), threw them out. Among the leaders of this movement was Jean-Bertrand Aristide, twice president of Haiti, twice overthrown in coups.

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