Table of Contents



2022 BCS Learning and Development Ltd
The right of Keith Gordon to be identified as author of this Work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted by the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, except with the prior permission in writing of the publisher, or in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries for permission to reproduce material outside those terms should be directed to the publisher.
All trade marks, registered names etc. acknowledged in this publication are the property of their respective owners. BCS and the BCS logo are the registered trade marks of the British Computer Society, charity number 292786 (BCS).
Published by BCS Learning & Development Ltd, a wholly owned subsidiary of BCS, The Chartered Institute for IT, 3 Newbridge Square, Swindon, SN1 1BY, UK.
www.bcs.org
Paperback ISBN: 978-1-78017-5911
PDF ISBN: 978-1-78017-5928
ePUB ISBN: 978-1-78017-5935

British Cataloguing in Publication Data.
A CIP catalogue record for this book is available at the British Library.
Disclaimer:
The views expressed in this book are of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Institute or BCS Learning & Development Ltd except where explicitly stated as such. Although every care has been taken by the authors and BCS Learning & Development Ltd in the preparation of the publication, no warranty is given by the authors or BCS Learning & Development Ltd as publisher as to the accuracy or completeness of the information contained within it and neither the authors nor BCS Learning & Development Ltd shall be responsible or liable for any loss or damage whatsoever arising by virtue of such information or any instructions or advice contained within this publication or by any of the aforementioned.
Website links up to date at the time of publication.
Publishers acknowledgements
Reviewers: Ian Rush and Ian Wallis
Publisher: Ian Borthwick
Commissioning editor: Rebecca You
Production manager: Florence Leroy
Project manager: Hazel Bird
Copy-editor: Hazel Bird
Proofreader: Barbara Eastman
Indexer: Sally Roots
Cover design: Alex Wright
Cover image: iStock Bill_Dally
Typeset by Lapiz Digital Services, Chennai, India.

BCS, THE CHARTERED INSTITUTE FOR IT
BCS, The Chartered Institute for IT, is committed to making IT good for society. We use the power of our network to bring about positive, tangible change. We champion the global IT profession and the interests of individuals, engaged in that profession, for the benefit of all.
Exchanging IT expertise and knowledge
The Institute fosters links between experts from industry, academia and business to promote new thinking, education and knowledge sharing.
Supporting practitioners
Through continuing professional development and a series of respected IT qualifications, the Institute seeks to promote professional practice tuned to the demands of business. It provides practical support and information services to its members and volunteer communities around the world.
Setting standards and frameworks
The Institute collaborates with government, industry and relevant bodies to establish good working practices, codes of conduct, skills frameworks and common standards. It also offers a range of consultancy services to employers to help them adopt best practice.
Become a member
Over 70,000 people including students, teachers, professionals and practitioners enjoy the benefits of BCS membership. These include access to an international community, invitations to a roster of local and national events, career development tools and a quarterly thought-leadership magazine. Visit www.bcs.org/membership to find out more.
Further information
BCS, The Chartered Institute for IT,
3 Newbridge Square,
Swindon, SN1 1BY, United Kingdom.
T +44 (0) 1793 417 417
(Monday to Friday, 09:00 to 17:00 UK time)
www.bcs.org/contact
http://shop.bcs.org/

There is nothing more difficult to take in hand, more perilous to conduct, or more uncertain in its success, than to take the lead in the introduction of a new order of things.
Niccol Machiavelli (14691527)
The beginning of wisdom is the definition of terms.
Socrates (470399 BC)
Data analysis is a very useful tool for efficient database design. It is much less useful as a means of identifying information requirements (especially where these are fuzzy and unstructured), or in allowing different viewpoints to be taken into consideration. Too often based on an analysis of current situations, data analysis in the extreme case is a great way of encapsulating organisational ineffectiveness in the resultant database!
Professor Robert Galliers (1947)
CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Keith Gordon was a professional soldier for 38 years, joining the Army straight from school at 16 and retiring on his 55th birthday. During his service he had a number of technical, educational and managerial appointments and gained a Higher National Certificate in Electrical, Electronic and Telecommunications Engineering; a Certificate in Education from the Institute of Education of the University of London; a Bachelor of Arts from the Open University; and a Master of Science from Cranfield Institute of Technology. From 1992 until his retirement in 1998, he was first a member of and then head of the Armys data management team.
After retiring from the Army, he spent just over 20 years as an independent consultant and lecturer specialising in data management and business analysis. As well as developing and teaching commercial courses, he was a tutor for the Open University for several years.
He is a Chartered Member of BCS, The Chartered Institute for IT, and a Fellow of the Institution for Engineering and Technology.
He holds the Diploma in Business Systems Development Specialising in Data Management from BCS formerly the Information Systems Examination Board (ISEB) and he sat on their Business Systems Development Examination and Audit and Accreditation Panels for many years.
He represents the UK within the international standards development community by being nominated by the British Standards Institution to ISO/IEC JTC1 SC32 WG2 (Information Technology Data Management and Interchange Metadata).
He was the secretary of the BCS Data Management Specialist Group between 2006 and 2012 and, as a founder member, was a committee member of the UK chapter of DAMA International, the worldwide association of data management professionals, between 2003 and 2012.