Anna Sunik - Middle Eastern Monarchies: Ingroup Identity and Foreign Policy Making

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Middle Eastern Monarchies

This monograph explores the dynamics of ingroup identity in the foreign policymaking of Middle Eastern monarchies from the evolution of the regional system after the world wars until the present. Using an innovative theoretical framework that combines foreign policy analysis in the context of authoritarian regimes and social identity theory, the book theorizes the origins and inner workings of a monarchic peace among hereditary regimes in the Middle East, including the Gulf monarchies, Jordan, and Morocco.

While the phenomenon of the democratic peace is well established in political science, this book argues that like the examined monarchic peace, it is in fact a sub-case of a broader similar political systems peace (SPSP). The theory posits that monarchies do not wage war against each other, because they recognize each other as members of the same ingroup, which allows for other mechanisms of conflict resolution behavior that is allowed against outsiders might be prohibited against members of the same club or family. The theory is illustrated with numerous case studies that look at overall regional dynamics as well as four crucial cases of monarchic interstate conflict: Bahraini-Qatari relations, the Saudi-Hashemite rivalry, and the relations between Kuwait and Iraq and between Iran and the United Arab Emirates (UAE).

This in-depth account of the foreign policies and community connecting Middle Eastern monarchies will be of interest to readers in international relations, authoritarianism studies, and Middle Eastern and Persian Gulf politics.

Anna Sunik focuses on Middle East politics and authoritarianism. She studied political science, Islamic studies and cultural anthropology in Heidelberg and Paris and has worked in the Middle East Institute of the GIGA Global Institute of Global and Area Studies and the German Federal Foreign Office.

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Middle Eastern Monarchies

Ingroup Identity and Foreign Policy Making

Anna Sunik

For a full list of titles in the series:

www.routledge.com/middleeaststudies/series/SE0823

Middle Eastern Monarchies

Ingroup Identity and Foreign Policy Making

Anna Sunik

First published 2021

by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

and by Routledge

52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

2021 Anna Sunik

The right of Anna Sunik to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Sunik, Anna, author.

Title: Middle Eastern monarchies : ingroup identity and foreign policy making / Anna Sunik.

Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge studies in Middle Eastern politics; 103 | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2020012503 (print) | LCCN 2020012504 (ebook) | ISBN 9780367443160 (hardback) | ISBN 9781003008934 (ebook) | ISBN 9781000164442 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781000164541 (epub) | ISBN 9781000164497 (mobi)

Subjects: LCSH: Middle EastForeign relations. | MonarchyMiddle East. | AuthoritarianismMiddle East. | Political stabilityMiddle East. | Middle EastKings and rulers.

Classification: LCC JZ1670 .S86 2021 (print) | LCC JZ1670 (ebook) | DDC 327.56dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020012503

LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020012504

ISBN: 978-0-367-44316-0 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-003-00893-4 (ebk)

Typeset in Times New Roman

by Apex CoVantage, LLC

For my parents

Contents

Guide

Tables

Figures

ACC	Arab Cooperation Council (Jordan, Iraq, Egypt, and North Yemen)
AFU	Arab Federation/Union/Federal Union between the Hashemite monarchies of Jordan and Iraq in 1958
CP	Comparative Politics
DP/DPT	democratic peace/democratic peace theorem
FPA	foreign policy analysis
GCC	Gulf Cooperation Council
Darak	Gendarmerie
Ikhwan	Brotherhood, Wahhabi tribal force in early period of KSA expansion
Khaleeji	Referring to the Persian Gulf, particularly to GCC members
KSA	Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
ME	Middle East
MENA	Middle East and North Africa
MP	Monarchic Peace
NRCC	National Revolutionary Command Council (Iraq)
PFLOAG	Popular Front for the Liberation of the Occupied Arabian Gulf
SIT	social identity theory
SNSC	Supreme National Security Council of Iran
SPSP	similar political systems peace
Takfir	the labeling of other Muslims as nonbelievers
UAE	United Arab Emirates
UAR	United Arab Republic (merger between Egypt and Syria 19581961)
UK	United Kingdom
Ulama	Religious scholars (singular: alim)
UNSC	United Nations Security Council
US	United States
USSR	United Soviet Socialist Republic

Almost half a century ago, Huntington seemed convinced that authoritarian monarchies were a thing of the past, claiming that the future of the existing traditional monarchies is bleak. The key questions concern simply the scope of the violence of their demise and who wields the violence (Huntington 1968, 191). The kings dilemma (cf. also: Huntington 1966) became the new paradigm in authoritarianism research: the monarchs choice was only between increasing repression or increasing irrelevance. Huntingtons quote embodies the sentiment that the word monarchy often invokes to this day an anachronism in the modern world of nations (Hudson 1977, 166) that is likely to disappear soon. In light of waves of democratization and the founding of new states as republics, they seem to be relics of the zeitgeist of an earlier era (Maddy-Weizmann 2000, 37). Such an ancient and obsolete form of government may seem a fitting topic for historians and nostalgic audiences but hardly relevant to the politics of the modern world in the 21st century.

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