Morris J Levitt - Of, By, and for the People: State and Local Governments and Politics

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Of, By, and For the People:
State and Local Government and Politics

About the Book and Authors

Of,By, and For the People:
State and Local Government and Politics
Morris J. Levitt and Eleanor G. Feldbaum

Lively and readable, this textbook emphasizes the dynamics of the people who influence government and make it work from without as well as withinat the local, regional, and state levels. The authors break with the usual textbook tradition of segmenting subjects into discrete chapters, showing instead the interrelations of government and politics and the interactive processes of institutions, laws, policies, and people. They explain what goes on in the states and localities, and why.

, the functions of governmentlegislating, administering, and adjudicating public policies are discussed from the viewpoint of pressures, people, roles, and theories. The authors use empirical research extensively to discuss relevant, current, and timely issues.

Morris J. Levitt is a professor of political science, Howard University. Eleanor G. Feldbaum is a senior scientist with the Analytic Sciences Corporation, Arlington, Virginia. Until recently she was director of the Program of Health Services Delivery in the Bureau of Governmental Research at the University of Maryland and a lecturer in the university's Department of Government and Politics.

Of, By, and For the People:

State and Local Government and Politics

Morris J. Levitt
and
Eleanor G. Feldbaum

First published 1980 by Westview Press, Inc.

Published 2021 by Routledge
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 1980 by Westview Press, Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Levitt, Morris, 1938
Of, by, and for the people: State and local government and politics.
Edition for 1973 published under title: State and local government and politics.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. State governments. 2. Local governmentUnited States. 3. Political participationUnited States. I. Feldbaum, Eleanor G., joint author. II. Title.
JK2408.L48 1980 320.473 80-10148
ISBN 0-89158-591-5
ISBN 0-89158-896-5 pbk.

ISBN 13: 978-0-3670-2163-4 (hbk)
ISBN 13: 978-0-3671-7150-6 (pbk)

DOI: 10.4324/9780429051494

ToMary and Harold Levitt and to Ronald, Merle, Mindy, Miriam, and Audrey Feldbaum

Contents

1. PART 1
   THE SETTINGS OF POLITICAL SYSTEMS
   1. 1 THE GOVERNMENTS
      1. The States
      2. The Localities
      3. Patterns of Local Governments
      4. Recent Governmental Plans
      5. Changes in Government
      6. Notes
      7. Additional Readings
   2. 2 CHARTERS AND CONSTITUTIONS
      1. State Constitutions
      2. Constitutional Change
      3. Local Government Charters
      4. Charters and Change
      5. Intergovernmental Influences
      6. Citizen and Group Action
      7. Notes
      8. Additional Readings
   3. 3 RECRUITING POLITICAL LEADERS
      1. Citizen Cynicism and Distrust Toward Public Office
      2. Recruiting Influencers
      3. Recruiting Service Personnel
      4. Recruiting Administrative Leaders
      5. Recruiting Government Leaders
      6. Characteristics of Government Leaders
      7. Emerging Minorities and Women in Leadership
      8. Notes
      9. Additional Readings
2. PART 2
   CITIZENS IN ACTION
   1. 4 INDIVIDUAL POLITICAL ACTION
      1. Requirements for Political Activity
      2. Who Is Active?
      3. Voting
      4. Recall
      5. Communication with Public Officials
      6. Notes
      7. Additional Readings
   2. 5 INTEREST GROUPS
      1. Organized Associations
      2. Trends in Collective Articulation
      3. Motivations for Joining Associations
      4. Factors of Group Strength
      5. Regulation of Interest Groups
      6. Fluidity of the Group System
      7. Notes
      8. Additional Readings
   3. 6 POLITICAL PARTIES AND ISSUES
      1. Party Organization
      2. Characteristics of Political Parties
      3. Party Activities and Issues
      4. Reforms and Issues
      5. Parties and Public Issues
      6. Minor Parties
      7. Notes
      8. Additional Readings
3. PART 3
   THE GOVERNMENTAL PROCESS
   1. 7 THE LEGISLATIVE PROCESS
      1. Stages of Lawmaking
      2. Nonlegislative Lawmaking
      3. Citizens as Lawmakers
      4. Fiscal Considerations
      5. Notes
      6. Additional Readings
   2. 8 INFLUENCING THE LEGISLATIVE PROCESS
      1. Internal Influences
      2. External Influences
      3. Variations in Local Structures
      4. Apportionment and Districting
      5. Lobbyists and Lobbying
      6. The Media
      7. Community Power Relationships
      8. Intergovernmental Relationships
      9. Notes
      10. Additional Readings
   3. 9 THE ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESS
      1. Professionalism and Neutral Competence
      2. Toward Centralization
      3. Controls over Administration
      4. Unionization and Strikes
      5. Citizen Complaints
      6. Citizen Participation
      7. A Note on Behalf of Administrators
      8. Notes
      9. Additional Readings
   4. 10 THE JUDICIAL PROCESS
      1. Notice
      2. Response
      3. Pretrial Meetings
      4. Trial
      5. Decision
      6. Appeals
      7. Public Attitudes Toward the Judicial System
      8. Notes
      9. Additional Readings
4. 1. 2 Selected Organizations Concerned with State and Local Government and Politics

1. 1. 1 THE GOVERNMENTS
      1. The States
      2. The Localities
      3. Patterns of Local Governments
      4. Recent Governmental Plans
      5. Changes in Government
      6. Notes
      7. Additional Readings
   2. 2 CHARTERS AND CONSTITUTIONS
      1. State Constitutions
      2. Constitutional Change
      3. Local Government Charters
      4. Charters and Change
      5. Intergovernmental Influences
      6. Citizen and Group Action
      7. Notes
      8. Additional Readings
   3. 3 RECRUITING POLITICAL LEADERS
      1. Citizen Cynicism and Distrust Toward Public Office
      2. Recruiting Influencers
      3. Recruiting Service Personnel
      4. Recruiting Administrative Leaders
      5. Recruiting Government Leaders
      6. Characteristics of Government Leaders
      7. Emerging Minorities and Women in Leadership
      8. Notes
      9. Additional Readings
2. PART 2 CITIZENS IN ACTION
   1. 4 INDIVIDUAL POLITICAL ACTION
      1. Requirements for Political Activity
      2. Who Is Active?
      3. Voting
      4. Recall
      5. Communication with Public Officials
      6. Notes
      7. Additional Readings
   2. 5 INTEREST GROUPS
      1. Organized Associations
      2. Trends in Collective Articulation
      3. Motivations for Joining Associations
      4. Factors of Group Strength
      5. Regulation of Interest Groups
      6. Fluidity of the Group System
      7. Notes
      8. Additional Readings

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