Pleas and Petitions
Hispano Culture and Legislative Conflict in Territorial Colorado
Virginia Snchez
Foreword by Ken Salazar
U NIVERSITY P RESS OF C OLORADO
Louisville
2020 by University Press of Colorado
Published by University Press of Colorado
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Louisville, Colorado 80027
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The University Press of Colorado is a cooperative publishing enterprise supported, in part, by Adams State University, Colorado State University, Fort Lewis College, Metropolitan State University of Denver, University of Colorado, University of Northern Colorado, University of Wyoming, Utah State University, and Western Colorado University.
ISBN: 978-1-60732-913-8 (cloth)
ISBN: 978-1-60732-914-5 (ebook)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5876/9781607329145
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Snchez, Virginia, 1953 author.
Title: Pleas and petitions : Hispano culture and legislative conflict in territorial Colorado / Virginia Snchez.
Description: Louisville : University Press of Colorado, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019007282 | ISBN 9781607329138 (cloth) | ISBN 9781607329145 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Hispanic American legislatorsColoradoHistory19th century. | Hispanic AmericansColoradoHistory19th century. | Hispanic AmericansColoradoSocial conditions19th century. | RacismColoradoHistory19th century. | ColoradoPolitics and governmentTo 1876. | ColoradoRace relationsHistory19th century.
Classification: LCC F785.S75 S635 2018 | DDC 978.8/00468dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019007282
Cover illustrations (left to right): Celedonio Valdez, from Denver Public Library, Western History and Genealogy Department; Jos Anastacio de Jess Valdez, from Denver Public Library, Western History and Genealogy Department; Francisco Snchez, courtesy Connie Rodriguez; Jos Vctor Garca, courtesy Francisco Gallegos; Pedro Rafael Trujillo, courtesy Charlene Garcia Simms. Background: Map of Colorado Territory, Shewing the System of Parks, 1865, courtesy David Rumsey Map Collection (www.davidrumsey.com).
Tony and EricI love you lots!
Contents
map by Bernardo Miera y Pacheco
Petition for a regrant of the Conejos Land Grant, 1842
Trade bond of Celedonio Valdez, 1858
Affidavit of Conejos claim sworn by Carlos Beaubien, 1855
Affidavit of Conejos claim sworn by Carlos Beaubien, 1858
Store, village of Conejos, 1874
Mexicos denial of petition to settle lands on the Ro de la Culebra
Petition of Lee and Beaubien for the Sangre de Cristo Land Grant, 1843
Map of Jefferson and Colorado Territories
Map of New Mexico Territory, 1857
Map of southern Colorado
Instructions and regulations for elections, 1861
First page of the Spanish translation of Governor Gilpins message to the First Colorado Territorial Legislature, 1861
Settlements in the notch
Letter from Celestino Domnguez requesting Spanish translations of territorial laws, 1862
Spanish translation of laws passed in the first through third sessions of the Colorado Territorial Assembly, 1864
Spanish translation of laws passed in the fourth through sixth sessions of the Colorado Territorial Assembly, 1867
Spanish translation of laws passed in the eighth and ninth sessions of the Colorado Territorial Assembly, 1872
Captain Jos Julin Espinosa
Major Rafael Chacn and Juanita Piz
Abstract of Major Gillespies military census, District of Conejos, 1863
Abstract of military census for San Juan de Pumeceno Plaza
Jos Mara Jquez
Abraham Lincoln peace medal with embedded bullet
Captive Indians report, Conejos County, 1865
Tefilo Trujillo
Abstract of Major Gillespies military census, San Judas de Tadeo Plaza, 1862
Francisco Perea, New Mexico delegate to US Congress, 186365
New Mexicos joint resolution (English) regarding reannexation, 1863
New Mexicos joint resolution (Spanish) regarding reannexation, 1863
New Mexicos memorial on the ColoradoNew Mexico boundary line, 1863
Francisco Pereas letter to James Ashley, 1865
Editorial of Baden Weiler against the southern counties, 1870
Newspaper endorsement of Union candidates, 1864
Spanish-language edition of the Colorado Constitution, 1876
Felipe de Jess Baca
Casimiro Barela
Jess Mara Garca
Jos Vctor Garca
Francisco Snchez
Pedro Rafael Trujillo
Jos Anastacio de Jess Valdez
Celedonio Valdez
Steps to pass a bill into law
Hispano judges and attorneys in Colorado Territory
Members of the Conejos Militia, 1860
Conejos precincts, town mayors, and constables
Major Gillespies military roll, District of Conejos, 1863
Witnesses subpoenaed for the hearing of Indian agent Lafayette Head
Petition of Celestino Domnguez to remove Agent Head
Recorded Hispano lynchings in Colorado Territory
Offenses and punishment
Interpreters in the Territorial Assembly
Hispano members of the Colorado Territorial Council
Hispano members of the Colorado Territorial House
Ken Salazar
Former US Secretary of the Interior, US Senator, and Colorado Attorney General
The history of the Spanish and Mexican descendants of southern Colorado has been a forgotten history. In Pleas and Petitions: Hispano Culture and Legislative Conflict in Territorial Colorado, Virginia Snchez helps fill this void by telling the story of the rich history and brave struggles of our ancestors in southern Colorado.
Most natives of Colorado do not know precisely how and why the northern part of New Mexico became a part of Colorado. Virginia introduces us to the congressional discussions that took place regarding the change, the number of Hispanos affected, and the fact that these Hispanos had no say in the matter.
I grew up right on the New MexicoColorado border, in the San Luis Valley, on a ranch established by my ancestors in Los Rincones in Conejos County. There my family had made a living as farmers and ranchers for over 150 years. As a young boy and throughout my life, I admired the Sangre de Cristo and San Juan mountain ranges. I cherished our rivers with the names of Ro Grande, Conejos, and San Antonio. And beyond the landscapes, I celebrated the culture and language that had been part of my family for over 400 yearssince the founding of the city of Santa Fe. Yet I was puzzled as to why the border between Colorado and New Mexico existed.
In schools in the Valley, no one ever taught the history of the northward migration of New Mexicans into southern Colorado. Nor were we taught about the history and struggles for recognition of the former Mexican citizens after the Mexican-American War in 1848 as they became citizens of the United States. Virginias book, for the first time, factually describes the conflicts and struggles of our ancestors as territorial Colorado became the state of Colorado.
Historians have written that Lafayette Head led the first settlers into southern Colorado. Today we know this is not correct. And from territorial governor William Gilpins first meeting with Lafayette Head, historians have written that Head was well regarded by the Hispanos. Virginias research tells us a strikingly different story, and the early petitions she discusses tell us that was not the case.