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Lana Dee Povitz - Stirrings: How Activist New Yorkers Ignited a Movement for Food Justice

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Lana Dee Povitz Stirrings: How Activist New Yorkers Ignited a Movement for Food Justice
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In the last three decades of the twentieth century, government cutbacks, stagnating wages, AIDS, and gentrification pushed ever more people into poverty, and hunger reached levels unseen since the Depression. In response, New Yorkers set the stage for a nationwide food justice movement. Whether organizing school lunch campaigns, establishing food co-ops, or lobbying city officials, citizen-activists made food a political issue, uniting communities across lines of difference. The charismatic, usually female leaders of these efforts were often products of earlier movements: American communism, civil rights activism, feminism, even Eastern mysticism. Situating food justice within these rich lineages, Lana Dee Povitz demonstrates how grassroots activism continued to thrive, even as it was transformed by unrelenting erosion of the countrys already fragile social safety net.
Using dozens of new oral histories and archives, Povitz reveals the colorful characters who worked behind the scenes to build and sustain the movement, and illuminates how people worked together to overturn hierarchies rooted in class and race, reorienting the history of food activism as a community-based response to austerity. The first book-length history of food activism in a major American city, Stirrings highlights the emotional, intimate, and interpersonal aspects of social movement culture.

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Stirrings
Justice, Power, and Politics
COEDITORS
Heather Ann Thompson
Rhonda Y. Williams
EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
Peniel E. Joseph
Daryl Maeda
Barbara Ransby
Vicki L. Ruiz
Marc Stein
The Justice, Power, and Politics series publishes new works in history that explore the myriad struggles for justice, battles for power, and shifts in politics that have shaped the United States over time. Through the lenses of justice, power, and politics, the series seeks to broaden scholarly debates about Americas past as well as to inform public discussions about its future.
More information on the series, including a complete list of books published, is available at http://justicepowerandpolitics.com/.
Stirrings
How Activist New Yorkers Ignited a Movement for Food Justice
LANA DEE POVITZ
The University of North Carolina Press Chapel Hill
This book was published with the assistance of the Authors Fund of the University of North Carolina Press.
2019 Lana Dee Povitz
All rights reserved
Set in Charis by Westchester Publishing Services
Manufactured in the United States of America
The University of North Carolina Press has been a member of the Green Press Initiative since 2003.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Povitz, Lana Dee, author.
Title: Stirrings : how activist New Yorkers ignited a movement for food justice / Lana Dee Povitz.
Other titles: Justice, power, and politics.
Description: Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press, [2019] | Series: Justice, power, and politics
Identifiers: LCCN 2018059438| ISBN 9781469653006 (cloth : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781469653013 (pbk : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781469653020 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Food securityNew York (State)New York. | Food supplyNew York (State)New York. | Community-based social servicesNew York (State)New York. | Food cooperativesNew York (State)New York. | Consumer movementsNew York (State)New York. | Social movementsNew York (State)New York. | United Bronx Parents (Organization). | Park Slope Food Coop. | Gods Love We Deliver (Organization). | Community Food Resource Center (New York, N.Y.).
Classification: LCC TX360.U63 N477 2019 | DDC 363.8/209747dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018059438
Cover illustration: A young woman in the South Bronx unloads a box of orange juice. The Records of the United Bronx Parents, Inc., Archives of the Puerto Rican Diaspora, Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueos, Hunter College, CUNY.
Portions of chapters one and two were previously published in a different form as Hunger Doesnt Take a Vacation: The Food Activism of United Bronx Parents, in Womens Activism and Second Wave Feminism: Transnational Histories, eds. Barbara Molony and Jennifer Nelson (London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2017).
For Kelly and Kathy
Contents
Illustrations
Abbreviations in the Text
ACT UP
AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power
AFDC
Aid to Families with Dependent Children
AIDS
acquired immune deficiency syndrome
BDS
Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions movement
BSL
Bureau of School Lunches
BWMA
Brooklyn Womens Martial Arts
CETA
Comprehensive Employment and Training Act
CFRC
Community Food Resource Center
CHAT
Center Housing Assistance Team
CORE
Congress of Racial Equality
CRE
Community Resource Exchange
CSS
Community Services Society
DFTA
Department for the Aging
EFAP
Emergency Food Assistance Program
EITC
Earned Income Tax Credit
FBI
Federal Bureau of Investigation
FNS
Food and Nutrition Services
FRAC
Food Research and Action Center
HPNAP
Hunger Prevention and Nutrition Assistance Program
HRA
Human Resources Administration
MTFA
Minority Task Force on AIDS
MUST
Minorities United to Save Themselves
NMU
National Maritime Union
OBRA
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act
OEO
Office of Economic Opportunity
PRWORA
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act
PWAs
people with AIDS
SFSP
Summer Food Service Program
SNAP
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
SNCC
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
SROs
single-room occupancies
TANF
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
TEFAP
Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Program
UBP
United Bronx Parents
UFT
United Federation of Teachers
USDA
U.S. Department of Agriculture
WIC
Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children
WMAD
Welfare Made a Difference
Stirrings
Introduction
The complex of flavors in a fine wine or cheese unfolds from a certain dynamic engagement between people, time, and place, a connection forged between the natural and built environment and the knowledge of human producers.
Food activism, too, relies on a kind of terroir. Whether a parent-led school lunch campaign, a fledgling food cooperative, or a nonprofit kitchen, each activist project emerges from a contingent and interdependent balance of environments (political, legal, economic, physical) and human action. The personal qualities of the people involved interact with available resources, transforming ideas into action and action into food. In turn, personal and group resources collide with political economy: the arrangements of governance and capital that cause rent to be cheap or expensive, that make welfare simpler or more difficult to access, that allow scores of people to die alone in their apartments of AIDS, and that push countless others to take matters into their own hands.
Overlaying this matrix of environments and economies and people, there is also what is in the air, the collective anxieties and aspirations of people in a particular time and place. The taste of the wine depends upon the sandiness of the soil, how much rain fell, the density of planting that year. So too did it matter that some of the most defining food activist projects took place in the United States, in New York City, in particular neighborhoods, during particular years.
In the late 1960s, America, or at least the journalists and politicians with the power to bring the issue to national attention, discovered the prevalence of poverty-induced hunger amid postwar plenty. With the 1964 Economic Opportunity Act, the federal government under President Lyndon B. Johnson had launched a War on Poverty and organized programs to address the needs of the poor, promising equality as a fact and a hand-up rather than a hand-out. Federal grants and programs like those covered by the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA) promoted the activism of poor people by funneling money into community organizations and providing job training and early childhood education.
In this context, the fact that ten million Americans were suffering from hunger was a source of shame and embarrassment to the liberal political mainstream, especially since the United States had taken steps to address hunger internationally with the Food for Peace program it inaugurated in 1963. A one-hundred-page report titled
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