Richard J R Kirkby - Urbanization in China: Town and Country in a Developing Economy 1949-2000 AD

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ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS: URBAN HISTORY

Volume 3

URBANISATION IN CHINA

URBANISATION IN CHINA

Town and Country in a Developing Economy 19492000 AD

RICHARD J. R. KIRKBY

First published in 1985 by Croom Helm Ltd

This edition first published in 2018
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

1985, R.J.R. Kirkby

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-0-8153-5316-4 (Set)
ISBN: 978-1-351-13718-8 (Set) (ebk)
ISBN: 978-0-8153-9926-1 (Volume 3) (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-351-17164-9 (Volume 3) (ebk)

Publishers Note
The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent.

Disclaimer
The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and would welcome correspondence from those they have been unable to trace.

Urbanisation in China

TOWN AND COUNTRY IN A DEVELOPING ECONOMY 19492000 AD

R. J. R. KIRKBY

1985 R. J. R. Kirkby
Croom Helm Ltd, Provident House, Burrell Row,
Beckenham, Kent BR3 1AT
Croom Helm Australia Pty Ltd, First Floor,
139 King Street, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Kirkby, R. J. R.

Urbanisation in China: town and country
in a developing economy 19492000 AD
l. Urbanization China History
20th century
I. Title
307.760951 HT147.C48

ISBN 0-7099-1548-9

Photoset in English Times by Pat and Anne Murphy,
10 Bracken Way, Walkford, Christchurch, Dorset, England

CONTENTS

Appendix Figures

Appendix Tables

To
Zhou Nanshan and Li Yongshan

It was only a little over a decade ago that the crisis of urbanism both in the advanced nations of the West and in the developing world became a prominent concern of politicians, planners and academic geographers. To a minority, the general malaise seemed incurable within the given framework. The spatial problems of the cities were seen to be embedded in the broader structure of capitalist society. In the 1930s, the remarkable transformations of the Soviet Union had provided the shining model for the disillusioned; in the 1970s, the self-advertisements of Cultural Revolution China offered an alternative even more entrancing. Much of our fascination with peasant societies derives from a pro-rural sentiment which has survived (or, perhaps, is kept alive by) two centuries of industrial urbanism. Innate susceptibility to oriental mysteries fuelled by the revolutionary rhetoric of Maoism and provoked by Chinas very inaccessibility made the Chinese model all the more attractive.

For urbanists the great appeal was that China claimed a rapid industrialisation without a parallel growth of the urban population, let alone the familiar pathologies of over-urbanisation. Cultural Revolution travellers tales confirmed that the Chinese cities were not ringed by shanty areas, that the colonies of the urban poor were absent, and that the ambience of the great metropolises was gentle and village-like. It was to witness all this that I first visited China in 1973; not satisfied with the regimen of political tourism for there was no escape from it in those days I decided that the way to find out about the Chinese road to urbanisation was to stay longer. From 1975 to 1977 I lived in Nanjing, and from 1978 to 1980 in the capital of Shandong Province Jinan.

I was soon to discover that to the overwhelming majority of Chinese, the experience of building a revolutionary society had in no way dimmed the bright lights of the city. Indeed, in many respects the progressive policies of the Chinese government (in particular a stable urban wage economy) had

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