Anheier Helmut K. (EDT) - Encyclopedia of Global Studies

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF

GLOBAL
STUDIES

Editors

Helmut K. Anheier
Hertie School of Governance and University of Heidelberg

Mark Juergensmeyer
University of California, Santa Barbara

Managing Editor

Victor Faessel
University of California, Santa Barbara

Editorial Board

Richard Appelbaum
University of California, Santa Barbara

Miguel Centeno
Princeton University

Nayan Chanda
Yale Center for the Study of Globalization

David Held
Durham University

Saad Eddin Ibrahim
Ibn Khaldun Center for Development Studies, Cairo

Michael D. Intriligator
University of California, Los Angeles

Yudhishthir Raj Isar
The American University of Paris

Mary Kaldor
London School of Economics

Juergen Kocka
Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin

Jacob Olupona
Harvard University

Yasuaki Onuma
University of Tokyo

Dominic Sachsenmaier
Jacobs University, Bremen

Saskia Sassen
Columbia University

Wei-Ming Tu
Peking University and Harvard University

Advisory Board

Rajeev Bhargava
Centre for the Study of Developing Societies, Delhi

Danielle Celermajer
University of Sydney

Sara R. Curran
University of Washington, Seattle

Evelyn Davidheiser
University of Minnesota

Yale H. Ferguson
Rutgers University, Newark

Jin Guangyao
Fudan University

Giles Gunn
University of California, Santa Barbara

David Jacobson
University of South Florida

Dennis Jett
Pennsylvania State University

Brian Job
University of British Columbia

Michael Kluth
University of Roskilde

Edward A. Kolodziej
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

B. Venkat Mani
University of Wisconsin, Madison

Matthias Middell
University of Leipzig

Niklaus Steiner
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

David Wank
Sophia University, Tokyo

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF

GLOBAL
STUDIES

EDITORS

Helmut K. Anheier

Hertie School of Governance and University of Heidelberg

Mark Juergensmeyer

University of California, Santa Barbara

MANAGING EDITOR

Victor Faessel

University of California, Santa Barbara

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Encyclopedia of global studies / editors, Helmut K. Anheier, Mark Juergensmeyer.

v. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-4129-6429-6 (cloth)

1. GlobalizationEncyclopedias. 2. GlobalizationSocial aspectsEncyclopedias. I. Anheier, Helmut K., 1954II. Juergensmeyer, Mark.

12 13 14 15 16 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

The Readers Guide is provided to assist readers in locating articles on related topics. It classifies articles into 14 general topical categories: Global Civil Society; Global Communications, Transportation, Technology; Global Conflict and Security; Global Culture, Media; Global Demographic Change; Global Economic Issues; Global Environmental and Energy Issues; Global Governance and World Order; Global Health and Nutrition; Global Historical Antecedents; Global Justice and Legal Issues; Global Religions, Beliefs, Ideologies; Global Studies; Identities in Global Society. Entries may be listed under more than one topic.

Global Civil Society

Global Communications, Transportation, Technology

Global Conflict and Security

Global Culture, Media

Global Demographic Change

Global Economic Issues

Global Environmental and Energy Issues

Global Governance and World Order

Global Health and Nutrition

Global Historical Antecedents

Global Justice and Legal Issues

Global Religions, Beliefs, Ideologies

Global Studies

Identities in Global Society

To the memory of S. N. Eisenstadt

Editors

Helmut K. Anheier (PhD, Yale University, 1986) is dean of the Hertie School of Governance in Berlin, Germany, and professor of sociology, Heidelberg University, where he also serves as academic director of the Center for Social Investment. He is a leading figure in the global study of civil society and a pioneer in developing the field of global studies. From 2001 to 2011, Dr. Anheier was professor of public policy and social welfare at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), and, from 2001 to 2009, centennial professor at the London School of Economics and Political Science. He founded and directed the Centre for Civil Society at the London School of Economics (19982002), the UCLA Center for Civil Society (20012010), and the UCLA Center for Globalization and Policy Research (20042009). Prior to this, he was a senior research associate and project codirector at the Johns Hopkins University Institute for Policy Studies and associate professor of sociology at Rutgers University. Before embarking on an academic career, Dr. Anheier served as social affairs officer to the United Nations.

Dr. Anheiers work has focused on civil society, policy analysis, philanthropy, organizational studies, and comparative methodology. He is the author of over 350 publications, including over 30 authored and edited books. He is founding editor of two academic journals, VOLUNTAS and the Journal of Civil Society. He issued the International Encyclopedia of Civil Society (2010) and edited several monograph series. His articles have appeared in journals such as the American Journal of Sociology, Social Forces, Annual Review of Sociology, Contemporary Sociology, Sociological Forum, British Journal of Sociology, International Sociology