Anna Ochoa OLeary - Undocumented Immigrants in the United States

An Encyclopedia of Their Experience

Anna Ochoa OLeary

Copyright 2014 ABC-CLIO, LLC

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Undocumented immigrants in the United States : an encyclopedia of their experience / Anna Ochoa OLeary, editor.

pages cm

ISBN 978-0-313-38424-0 (hardback) ISBN 978-0-313-38425-7 (ebook)

1. ImmigrantsUnited StatesSocial conditions. 2. Illegal aliensUnited StatesSocial conditions. 3. United StatesEmigration and immigrationEncyclopedias. I. OLeary, Anna Ochoa.

JV6475.U48 2014

305.9069120973dc23 2013024574

ISBN: 978-0-313-38424-0
EISBN: 978-0-313-38425-7

18 17 16 15 14 1 2 3 4 5

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Undocumented Immigrants in the United States

An Encyclopedia of Their Experience

Volume 1: AZ

Anna Ochoa OLeary, Editor

GREENWOOD

AN IMPRINT OF ABC-CLIO, LLC

Santa Barbara, California Denver, Colorado Oxford, England

Border Control. See U.S. Border Patrol

Department of Homeland Security. See U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS)

Indians (East). See South Asians

Japanese. See East Asians

Koreans. See East Asians

LULAC. See League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)

McCarran-Walter Act. See Immigration and Nationality Act (The McCarran-Walter Act) (1952)

NAFTA. See North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Patriot Act. See USA Patriot Act (2001)

Following is a list of the entries in this encyclopedia, arranged under broad topics for enhanced searching. Readers should also consult the index at the end of the encyclopedia for more specific subjects.

Undocumented Immigrants in the United States: An Encyclopedia of Their Experience aims to offer a more complex, nuanced (and therefore more accurate) portrait of undocumented immigration than is often available. The work offers evidence-based information that can help promote rational assessment of the issues arising from irregular immigration in the United States. While most information available to the public is limited to news media sound bites, or already reduced information derived from statistical government reports, this encyclopedia presents a much broader view of the issues of undocumented immigration.

This two-volume reference work on the experiences of undocumented immigrants in the United States will address many of the historic changes we are witnessing today. Latino populations as a whole now comprise the largest minority groups in the United States, and with increased social and economic integration and with each generation, the nation will continue to undergo demographic changes that will change the way the United States embraces immigrants, the way it votes, and the way it sees itself vis--vis the rest of the world. The changes are electrifying, and there is no better time to consider having this reference work.

The audience for Undocumented Immigrants in the United States: An Encyclopedia of Their Experience includes high school and undergraduate students, teachers, researchers, and anyone interested in immigration and the reasons that people risk their lives to enter a foreign country without legal documentation, the issues that U.S. citizens face as a result, and the policies and legislation that politicians, policymakers, and the government respond with in order to address this complex subject.

The 239 entries in this work offer the accumulated insights of eighty-five scholars, graduate students, and writers, many of whom have dedicated years of study to the issues of undocumented immigration. The alphabetically arranged entries range in size from five hundred to approximately four thousand words. Each entry ends with cross-references to related entries and a selected list of recommended articles, books, websites, and videos covering the topic of undocumented immigration.

Although most of the entries in the encyclopedia present information on the past thirty years or so, historical information before that is given, especially in relation to immigration legislation, where relevant. To further help readers understand the historical context of the treatment of immigrants by the United States, a chronology at the front of the book extends back to 1790, with the first laws for acceptance of immigrants into this country, and extends to 2013. In the chronology, the reader will be able to trace the numerous laws and policies that were written both to keep out certain immigrantsespecially those considered non-whiteand the legislation that was written and passed to rectify those laws based on prejudice and ignorance.

The front matter of each volume includes the list of entries included, as well as a Guide to Related Topics, which groups all the entry names (or headwords) under broad topics, for easier consulting of certain issues of interest, such as Education or Health or Legislation. Also at the front of the first volume are the extensive chronology, and an overview and introduction to the topic of undocumented immigration. Following the 239 entries is an extensive list of recommended resources, including online sources and documentary films, for better understanding the subject of undocumented immigration in the United States. A comprehensive index will further help the user to find specific topics of interest in the two volumes.

In this book, the term undocumented immigrant refers to an individual who entered without inspection and is therefore without official authorization, who may have entered legally but has subsequently overstayed the term limit of the visa, or who may have entered legally and is legally present but is not a legal resident (and therefore not entitled to work nor to access public benefits). In the literature, other terms are occasionally used, such as